Initial Egg Weight, Time to Maximum Alevin Wet Weight, and Optimal Ponding Times for Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Rombough
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
Best Fit

Eggs of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were segregated into eight size groups (range 163–437 mg) and incubated at 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 °C. The time required to reach maximum alevin wet weight (MAWW) varied significantly (p < 0.01) both with mean incubation temperature (T °C) and with initial egg weight (W mg). A good (R2 = 98.4%, n = 21) prediction of days postfertilization to MAWW (D) is given by[Formula: see text]Optimal ponding times are closely associated with the attainment of MAWW and can be estimated using this equation. Data relating mean incubation temperatures (T) to actual ponding time were collected from 17 hatcheries throughout British Columbia. The equation[Formula: see text]where D′ is days postfertilization to ponding, provided the best fit to the data (R2 = 97.5%, n = 85). Hatchery ponding times were not significantly different from times to MAWW predicted for 200-mg eggs.

Relation Between Temperature and Incubation Time for Eggs of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Alderdice ◽  
F. P. J. Velsen
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Minimum Variance ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

With data assembled from the literature, relations are examined between incubation temperature and rate of development from fertilization to hatching for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs. Ten forms of three empirical relations are used, based on the thermal sums hypothesis, Bělehrádek's equation, and a form of the logistic curve. In each case comparisons are made using constant, ambient, and combined (constant + ambient) incubation temperatures. In most cases the rules of minimum variance curve fitting are somewhat violated, although results using the log-inverse form of Bělehrádek's equation are superior to those from the other models. Early imposition of low, constant incubation temperatures (below 6–7 °C) appears to slow egg development below those rates occurring at ambient temperatures having the same mean values. Time–temperature relations based on the unmodified thermal sums hypothesis and its associated "degree-days" are compared with predicted values obtained using the log-inverse Bělehrádek model as a standard. The former model tends to underestimate the length of the incubation period by an average of about 5 days at incubation temperatures above 4 °C; below 4 °C the former model increasingly overestimates the incubation period. Based on the log-inverse Bělehrádek model, a table is provided of predicted daily rates of development in relation to temperature. The table may be used to predict hatching time in a manner similar to that employing degree-days. In general, the enquiry points to a lack of data on development time at temperatures below 5 °C; to be meaningful, further analyses will require such data. Key words: prediction, modeling, development rates, hatching time

Analysis of straying variation in Alaskan hatchery chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) following transplantation

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J Hard ◽  
William R Heard
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Substantial Variation

In 1976 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gametes from the Chickamin and Unuk rivers in southeastern Alaska were transplanted 250 km to establish hatchery runs at Little Port Walter (LPW), Baranof Island. From 1977 to 1989, 1 862 058 marked smolts from 12 broods were released from LPW. Homing and straying were estimated from adult recoveries at 25 locations in Alaska and British Columbia between 1981 and 1989. Of 22 198 LPW fish recovered over this period, 21 934 (98.8%) were collected at LPW. Of 264 fish recovered elsewhere, 38.3% were within 7 km of LPW; 64.4% were within 25 km of LPW. No LPW fish were recovered from the ancestral rivers, but nine fish were recovered from rivers supporting wild chinook salmon. Straying declined with distance from the release site but varied between hatcheries and streams. Straying declined with increasing age and run size. Straying was similar between the populations but varied among broods, and analysis of straying in experimental groups provided evidence for a heritable component. Males strayed more often than females. Population, gender, run size, and recovery age interacted to produce substantial variation in straying, indicating that run composition can produce complex straying responses.

Genetic, Environmental, and Interaction Effects on Growth and Stress Response of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Fry

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Heath ◽  
Nicholas J. Bernier ◽  
John W. Heath ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Genotype By Environment Interactions ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Wet Weight

Eight full- and half-sib families of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were held during egg development at two temperatures (8.0 and 10.2 °C). As fry, these families were measured for relative growth rate, initial and final wet weight, hematocrit values before and 2 h after a 30-s handling stress, and plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations before and after stress. Significant sire effects were found for all measured traits, and significant dam effects were found for all traits except for the poststress increases in cortisol concentrations. There were significant genotype-by-environment interactions for all traits except unstressed (control) plasma glucose concentrations. Incubation temperature had a significant effect on relative growth rate and final wet weight only. We found a significant correlation between poststress plasma glucose concentration and relative growth rate for all fish, independent of family, while resting plasma cortisol concentration and poststress hematocrit correlated with wet weight only when analyzed within the eight individual families. Genetic contributions to stress-related parameters and genotype-by-environment interactions should be considered as a factor in stress-related research with fish.

Individual variation in dispersal behaviour of newly emerged chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Bradford ◽  
G C Taylor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Stream Type ◽  
Downstream Movement

Immediately after emergence from spawning gravels, fry of stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations from tributaries of the upper Fraser River, British Columbia, distribute themselves downstream from the spawning areas, throughout the natal stream, and into the Fraser River. We tested the hypothesis that this range in dispersal distances is caused by innate differences in nocturnal migratory tendency among individuals. Using an experimental stream channel, we found repeatable differences in downstream movement behaviour among newly emerged chinook fry. Fish that moved downstream were larger than those that held position in the channel. However, the incidence of downstream movement behaviours decreased over the first 2 weeks after emergence. We propose that the variation among individuals in downstream movement behaviour we observed leads to the dispersal of newly emerged fry throughout all available rearing habitats. Thus, between- and within-population variation in the freshwater life history observed in these populations may be caused by small differences in the behaviour of individuals.

Egg size, fecundity, and development rate of two introduced New Zealand chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1946-1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T Kinnison ◽  
Martin J Unwin ◽  
William K Hershberger ◽  
Thomas P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Temperature Records

Interpopulation differences in several adult phenotypic traits suggest that New Zealand (NZ) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are evolving into distinct populations. To further investigate this hypothesis, we compared egg sizes, fecundities, and early development rates of chinook from two NZ streams. The two NZ study populations differed in size-adjusted egg weight and gonadosomatic index, but not in size-adjusted fecundity. Egg weight, fecundity, and gonadosomatic index values for both NZ populations were different than values for chinook from Battle Creek, California, the population regarded as the ancestral NZ stock. In contrast, there was little evidence of divergence in juvenile development. Time to hatching did not differ between the two NZ study populations and heritability estimates were small with large standard errors. Evidence of a small difference in alevin growth rate may have represented an effect of yolk conversion mechanics related to egg size. Despite the similarity in development rates under shared conditions, modeling based on temperature records suggests that emergence dates in the two NZ streams may differ by 4-6 weeks, yielding significant phenotypic differences.

Population viability of the Snake River chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1442-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Emlen
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Population Viability ◽  
Snake River ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Population Dynamics Model ◽  
The Status ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Mortality Improvement ◽  
Best Fit

In the presence of historical data, population viability models of intermediate complexity can be parameterized and utilized to project the consequences of various management actions for endangered species. A general stochastic population dynamics model with density feedback, age structure, and autocorrelated environmental fluctuations was constructed and parameterized for best fit over 36 years of spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd count data in five Idaho index streams. Simulations indicate that persistence of the Snake River spring chinook salmon population depends primarily on density-independent mortality. Improvement of rearing habitat, predator control, reduced fishing pressure, and improved dam passage all would alleviate density-independent mortality. The current value of the Ricker α should provide for a continuation of the status quo. A recovery of the population to 1957–1961 levels within 100 years would require an approximately 75% increase in survival and (or) fecundity. Manipulations of the Ricker β are likely to have little or no effect on persistence versus extinction, but considerable influence on population size.

Effect of incubation temperature on the development of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) embryos and alevins

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Murray ◽  
J. D. McPhail
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Embryo and alevin survival, time to hatching and emergence, and alevin and fry size of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) were observed at five incubation temperatures (2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 °C). No pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) or chum (O. keta) salmon embryos survived to hatching at 2 °C. Coho (O. kisutch) and sockeye (O. nerka) salmon had higher embryo survival at 2 °C than chinook (O. tschawytscha) salmon. At 14 °C, chum, pink, and chinook salmon had higher embryo survival than coho or sockeye salmon. In all species, peaks of embryo mortality occurred at specific developmental stages (completion of epiboly, eye pigmentation, and hatching). Alevin survival to emergence was high for all species, except for coho and pink salmon at 14 °C. Hatching and emergence time varied inversely with incubation temperature, but coho salmon hatched and emerged sooner at all temperatures than the other species. Coho and sockeye salmon alevins were larger at 2 °C, pink, chum, and chinook salmon alevins were larger at 5 and 8 °C. Coho salmon fry were larger at 2 °C, chinook and chum salmon fry were larger at 5 °C, and sockeye and pink salmon fry were larger at 8 °C. High incubation temperatures reduced fry size in all species. Each species of Pacific salmon appears to be adapted to different spawning times and temperatures, and thus indirectly to specific incubation temperatures, to ensure maximum survival and size and to maintain emergence at the most favorable time each year.

Modelling Pelagic Fish and Plankton Trophodynamics off Southwestern Vancouver Island, British Columbia

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1737-1751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford L. K. Robinson ◽  
Daniel M. Ware
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Squalus Acanthias ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Clupea Pallasi ◽  
Merluccius Productus ◽  
Arrival Timing

A trophodynamics model is used to estimate annual plankton and fish production for the southern British Columbia continental shelf during 1985–89. The model describes the feeding interactions among diatoms, copepods, euphausiids, juvenile and adult Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi), Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and is forced by empirical seasonal patterns in upwelling, sea surface temperature, and solar radiation. The most important simulation results are that (1) there is an imbalance between fish consumption and euphausiid production during the summer upwelling season, (2) the biomass and arrival timing of migratory hake significantly influence plankton and fish production, and (3) about 11% of the 332 g C∙m−2∙yr−1 annual diatom production is transferred to copepods and euphausiids and 1.0% of the diatom production to fish, while 27.5% of the 11.9 g C∙m−2∙yr−1 euphausiid production is consumed by herring and hake. The high plankton and fish production on the southern British Columbia shelf is comparable with other productive coastal upwelling regions.

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