Relation Between Temperature and Incubation Time for Eggs of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Alderdice ◽  
F. P. J. Velsen
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Minimum Variance ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

With data assembled from the literature, relations are examined between incubation temperature and rate of development from fertilization to hatching for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs. Ten forms of three empirical relations are used, based on the thermal sums hypothesis, Bělehrádek's equation, and a form of the logistic curve. In each case comparisons are made using constant, ambient, and combined (constant + ambient) incubation temperatures. In most cases the rules of minimum variance curve fitting are somewhat violated, although results using the log-inverse form of Bělehrádek's equation are superior to those from the other models. Early imposition of low, constant incubation temperatures (below 6–7 °C) appears to slow egg development below those rates occurring at ambient temperatures having the same mean values. Time–temperature relations based on the unmodified thermal sums hypothesis and its associated "degree-days" are compared with predicted values obtained using the log-inverse Bělehrádek model as a standard. The former model tends to underestimate the length of the incubation period by an average of about 5 days at incubation temperatures above 4 °C; below 4 °C the former model increasingly overestimates the incubation period. Based on the log-inverse Bělehrádek model, a table is provided of predicted daily rates of development in relation to temperature. The table may be used to predict hatching time in a manner similar to that employing degree-days. In general, the enquiry points to a lack of data on development time at temperatures below 5 °C; to be meaningful, further analyses will require such data. Key words: prediction, modeling, development rates, hatching time

Initial Egg Weight, Time to Maximum Alevin Wet Weight, and Optimal Ponding Times for Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Rombough
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
Best Fit

Eggs of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were segregated into eight size groups (range 163–437 mg) and incubated at 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 °C. The time required to reach maximum alevin wet weight (MAWW) varied significantly (p < 0.01) both with mean incubation temperature (T °C) and with initial egg weight (W mg). A good (R2 = 98.4%, n = 21) prediction of days postfertilization to MAWW (D) is given by[Formula: see text]Optimal ponding times are closely associated with the attainment of MAWW and can be estimated using this equation. Data relating mean incubation temperatures (T) to actual ponding time were collected from 17 hatcheries throughout British Columbia. The equation[Formula: see text]where D′ is days postfertilization to ponding, provided the best fit to the data (R2 = 97.5%, n = 85). Hatchery ponding times were not significantly different from times to MAWW predicted for 200-mg eggs.

scholarly journals Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Maternal Liver and Egg Thiamine Levels in Relation to Reproductive Characteristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Doyle ◽  
Michael E. Barnes ◽  
Jeremy L. Kientz ◽  
Micheal H. Zehfus
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Thiamine Pyrophosphate ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Reproductive Characteristics ◽  
Salmon Eggs

Object: Landlocked fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Lake Oahe, South Dakota, typically experience poor reproductive success. Introduction: Salmon diets consist of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax and other potentially thiaminase-containing fish that could impact reproduction. Methods: The thiamine levels of spawning female Salmon, eggs, and reproductive characteristics, were measured in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2005. Results: Thiamine concentrations varied significantly from year-to-year, with the highest mean values recorded in 2001 at 8.70 nmol/g in maternal livers and 28.80 nmol/g in eggs. Most of the thiamine in the eggs was present as free thiamine, while most of the thiamine in maternal livers was present as thiamine pyrophosphate. The lowest recorded egg total thiamine level was 2.75 nmol/g in 2000. Egg survival to hatch ranged from 20.7% in 2005 to 35.4% in 2002, and was not correlated to egg thiamine levels. Twenty-two spawns experienced total mortality prior to hatch, and had significantly lower egg free thiamine and total thiamine concentrations than eggs from the 77 successful spawns. The eggs from spawns with total mortality were also significantly smaller than those eggs from spawns that did survive, and were produced by females that weighed significantly less. Several small, but significant, correlations were observed between egg size and egg thiamine levels, and female size and liver thiamine. There was also a significant negative correlation between the number of eggs per spawning female and egg thiamine pyrophosphate, liver thiamine monophosphate, and liver total thiamine levels. Conclusion: In general, Lake Oahe Chinook Salmon eggs show little indication of thiamine deficiency in the years sampled, indicating other factors are likely responsible for poor egg survival.

Effect of incubation temperature on the development of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) embryos and alevins

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Murray ◽  
J. D. McPhail
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Embryo and alevin survival, time to hatching and emergence, and alevin and fry size of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) were observed at five incubation temperatures (2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 °C). No pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) or chum (O. keta) salmon embryos survived to hatching at 2 °C. Coho (O. kisutch) and sockeye (O. nerka) salmon had higher embryo survival at 2 °C than chinook (O. tschawytscha) salmon. At 14 °C, chum, pink, and chinook salmon had higher embryo survival than coho or sockeye salmon. In all species, peaks of embryo mortality occurred at specific developmental stages (completion of epiboly, eye pigmentation, and hatching). Alevin survival to emergence was high for all species, except for coho and pink salmon at 14 °C. Hatching and emergence time varied inversely with incubation temperature, but coho salmon hatched and emerged sooner at all temperatures than the other species. Coho and sockeye salmon alevins were larger at 2 °C, pink, chum, and chinook salmon alevins were larger at 5 and 8 °C. Coho salmon fry were larger at 2 °C, chinook and chum salmon fry were larger at 5 °C, and sockeye and pink salmon fry were larger at 8 °C. High incubation temperatures reduced fry size in all species. Each species of Pacific salmon appears to be adapted to different spawning times and temperatures, and thus indirectly to specific incubation temperatures, to ensure maximum survival and size and to maintain emergence at the most favorable time each year.

THE EFFECT OF THE INCUBATION TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON THE DETERMINATION OF PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA IN MILK BY THE AGAR PLATE METHOD1*

1954 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 365-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Boyd ◽  
C. K. Smith ◽  
G. M. Trout
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Psychrophilic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

A study has been made of the effect of incubation time and temperature on the determination of psychrophilic bacteria in milk. The incubation of agar plates at 10° C resulted in the detection of a group of thermoduric organisms which was not found when agar plates were incubated at 5° C. These organisms are not considered to be true psychrophiles. Bacterial counts on milk obtained using the 5° C and 10° C incubation temperatures did not coincide regardless of the incubation period. The counts obtained using the 10° C incubation temperature were always higher than those obtained at 5° C for a similar period. Maximum bacterial counts on milk samples stored at 5° C for 10 days or less were not obtained in less than 20 days when the agar plates were incubated at 5° C.

scholarly journals Incubation of Oryzias woworae Eggs at Different Temperature on Embryo Development and Hatching Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Nisa Nafiyanti ◽  
Mustahal Mustahal ◽  
Mas Bayu Syamsunarno ◽  
Muh. Herjayanto
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Egg Incubation ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Hatching Eggs ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Oryzias woworae is one of Muna Island's endemic fish, Sulawesi, which needs to be developed in cultivation and can be used as ornamental fish with high economic value. However, information on fish farming is not yet well available, especially at egg incubation temperatures. This study aims to determine the optimal temperature of the incubation water medium for the hatching performance of O. woworae eggs. The study used experimental methods with the treatment of differences in egg incubation temperatures at 24-26°C (temperature fluctuations in the laboratory), 24°C, 28°C and 32°C. The research parameters were analyzed descriptively, namely embryogenesis, hatching time, and hatching rates. The results showed that differences in incubation temperature affected the embryogenesis of O. woworae eggs. The obtained fastest time for hatching eggs O. woworae at a temperature of 32°C with six days 5 hours 49 minutes and 100% hatching. The egg incubation temperature 24-26°C is the lowest hatching time and hatching rate, nine days 11 hours 38 minutes and 53.33%. The use of 32°C in the incubation medium is the optimal temperature to accelerate embryogenesis and the hatching rate of O. woworae eggs.

scholarly journals Stable isotopes of C and H in methane fermentation of agriculture substrates at different temperature conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 471-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Kufka ◽  
Michał Bucha ◽  
Łukasz Pleśniak ◽  
Mariusz Orion Jędrysek
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Methane Fermentation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

AbstractAgricultural substrates (maize silage and cattle manure) were used to carry out methane fermentation process in bioreactors under laboratory conditions. Identical mixtures of these substrates were incubated for 43 days at 20, 30 and 40ºC to determine how different temperature conditions affect the δ13C(CH4), δH(CH4), and δ13C(CO2) values. To ensure correct anaerobic digestion, the following parameters of the organic substrates and fermentation solutions were monitored: total organic carbon (TOC), volatile solids (VS), volatile fatty acids (VFA), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N). The variants with higher incubation temperature yielded higher amounts of biogas (20ºC=84.5, 30ºC=101.8 and 40ºC=133.3 dm3/kg VS). In the case of gas products of methane fermentation, it was observed that the higher temperature of incubation affects the depletion in heavy isotopes. At 20ºC, 30ºC, and 40ºC mean values of δ13C(CH4) reached −26.4, −29.7, and −35.4‰, respectively. Mean values of δ2H(CH4) were −311.6, −354.0, and −398.5permil, and of δ13C(CO2) +8.9, +3.7, and −2.3‰, respectively. Moreover, the apparent fractionation coefficient α13C(CO2-CH4) were calculated, which decreased when the temperature increased. This isotopic tool was used to identify acetoclastic reaction as a dominant methanogenesis pathway. Observed changes in the isotopic composition of gaseous products obtained at different incubation temperatures may indicate decomposition of different carbon sources (e.g. lactate, propionate) to acetate and its fermentation by acetoclastic methanogens. It is possible that this was also related to the observation of the various metabolic models due to the varied methanogenic community composition.

scholarly journals Are thyroid hormones mediators of incubation temperature-induced phenotypes in birds?

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20130950 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. DuRant ◽  
A. W. Carter ◽  
R. J. Denver ◽  
G. R. Hepp ◽  
W. A. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Tarsus Length ◽  
Aix Sponsa ◽  
Wood Ducks ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Incubation temperature influences a suite of traits in avian offspring. However, the mechanisms underlying expression of these phenotypes are unknown. Given the importance of thyroid hormones in orchestrating developmental processes, we hypothesized that they may act as an upstream mechanism mediating the effects of temperature on hatchling phenotypic traits such as growth and thermoregulation. We found that plasma T 3 , but not T 4 concentrations, differed among newly hatched wood ducks ( Aix sponsa ) from different embryonic incubation temperatures. T 4 at hatching correlated with time spent hatching, and T 3 correlated with hatchling body condition, tarsus length, time spent hatching and incubation period. In addition, the T 3 : T 4 ratio differed among incubation temperatures at hatch. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that incubation temperature modulates plasma thyroid hormones which in turn influences multiple aspects of duckling phenotype.

The development of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and chum salmon (Onchorhynchus keta) embryos and alevins under varying temperature regimes

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2672-2681 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Murray ◽  
T. D. Beacham
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Late Transfer ◽  
Eye Pigmentation ◽  
Early Transfer ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and chum salmon (O. keta) embryos were initially incubated at 4, 8, or 12 °C and then maintained at the same temperature or systematically transferred at completion of epiboly (early transfer) or complete eye pigmentation (late transfer) to each of the other incubation temperatures. For both species initial incubation at 8 or 12 °C resulted in higher embryo and alevin survival rates than initial incubation at 4 °C. Increasing or decreasing temperature regimes had little effect on embryo and alevin survival rates. Transfers after epiboly or completion of eye pigmentation had little influence on subsequent survival rates, except the early and late transfers of chinook salmon embryos from 4 to 12 °C, which resulted in an increase in alevin mortality. Hatching and emergence times varied inversely with temperature, and chum salmon generally hatched and emerged sooner than chinook salmon. Decreasing temperature regimes produced longer and heavier chinook salmon alevins and fry, but constant incubation at 8 °C or early or later transfers to 8 °C resulted in longer and heavier chum salmon alevins and fry. Temperature regimes that simulate those experienced by a species during natural incubation tend to enhance survival and alevin and fry size. Different trends in embryo and alevin developmental characters between species and among families within a species were assumed to reflect adaptations to variable natural incubation conditions.

Assessing developmental errors in branchiostegal rays as indicators of chronic stress in two species of Pacific salmon

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
pp. 1876-1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Bruce Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Levels

Stress during ontogeny reduces homeostasis, increasing the formation of developmental errors. Fused and partial branchiostegal rays were assessed as indicators of stress throughout embryogenesis in coho salmon (Oncorhy nchus kisutch Walbaum) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum). Error frequencies and the proportion of fish possessing them should increase when development is stressed. Coho parr were examined from reciprocal crosses between two hatchery stocks experiencing artificially fluctuated (between 7 and 12 °C) or ambient (natural) temperatures throughout embryogenesis. Temperature means and ranges were equivalent between treatments, allowing patterns of thermal variance to be compared. Chinook presmolts, having high versus low levels of infection with bacterial kidney disease owing to similar levels of parental infection, also were examined. Sampled fish were cleared and stained and the errors analyzed using categorical linear models and observations of positional distributions. Although partial rays in coho were genetically influenced, fusion frequency increased significantly under fluctuating (551) versus ambient temperatures (163), as did the number of fish with fusions (207 versus 104, respectively). No significant difference between bacterial kidney disease groups was observed, indicating the disease had little influence over error development. Positional distributions of fused rays were bimodal in both species, showing anterior and posterior zones of weaker developmental control. Partial rays occurred at initial and terminal positions in the series, suggesting evolutionary vestigialization in both species. Branchiostegal ray fusions are shown to be useful traits for further investigation of thermal stress during embryogenesis in salmon.

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