Limestone Slurry Reduces Physiological Stress and Increases Survival of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in an Acidic Norwegian River

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1888-1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. O. Rosseland ◽  
O. K. Skogheim ◽  
H. Abrahamsen ◽  
D. Matzow
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Running Waters ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Southern Norway ◽  
Acidic River

Smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed for 70 h in the acidic River Vaaraana, southern Norway (Q = 1.3 m3/s, pH = 4.4–5.6, Ca = 0.6–1.5 mg/L, labile Al = 50–100 μg/L), to waters neutralized by addition of limestone slurry. Chemical and biological parameters were measured upstream of the liming site and 20, 100, 1000, 2000, and 3500 m downstream. Addition of limestone slurry effectively increased pH from 4.6 to 6.9, Ca from 0.6 to 2.6 mg/L, and reduced the labile Al concentration from 59 to 35 μg/L immediately downstream of the liming site (20 m, after 30 s). In the untreated upstream waters, salmon smolts lost plasma Cl rapidly, and all fish died within 36 h. In spite of the slight oversaturation of labile Al immediately downstream of the base addition, no mortality occurred in neutralized waters. Relatively high Ca concentrations may have mitigated potential toxic effects from Al oversaturation. Plasma Cl levels did not vary with distance downstream. Detoxification of running waters with highly toxic levels of pH and Al can successfully be performed by addition of limestone slurry.

Effects of Diet or Liming on Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Reproduction in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Held in an Acidic River

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2422-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Sangalang ◽  
H. C. Freeman ◽  
J. F. Uthe ◽  
L. S. Sperry
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Acidic River

Attempts to avert the impacts of an acidic river environment on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were carried out in 1985 and 1986. Salmon were held in the Westfield River (pH 4.7–5.2) and the nearby Medway River (pH 5.3–5.6) during their sexual maturation. A diet containing 3% NaCl was fed to the Westfield salmon in 1985. Marble chips were used to elevate the pH of Westfield River water in 1986. Fish fed the salt diet had higher peak levels of plasma sex hormones, higher fecundity, greater incidence of spawners, lower egg mortality, and less weight loss than fish fed a commercial trout diet. The reproductive performance of fish held in limed water (pH 5.1–5.9) almost attained the level observed in the Medway (control) fish. Limestone treatment stimulated early peaking of blood androgen levels, testosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone in Westfield males, and 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, a follicular mediator of gonadotropin, in a few Westfield females. The head kidneys produced more cortisol and corticosterone in all Westfield fish in both years compared to Medway fish. The results suggest that neither dietary salt nor liming completely prevented the decline of reproductive performance and the alteration of steroid hormone metabolism in salmon.

Production of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in Two Acidic Rivers of Nova Scotia

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 2003-2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles L. Lacroix
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Acidic River

Densities, growth, and production of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were estimated at sites in two acidic rivers of different pH, the Westfield and North rivers, in Nova Scotia, Canada, from 1982 to 1984. Annual production was significantly lower in the more acidic Westfield River (< 0.4 g∙m−2∙yr−1 at pH 4.7–5.4) than in the North River (1.4 g∙m−2∙yr−1 at pH 5.6–6.3). Low production rates in the more acidic river were attributable to the lower densities and poorer survival of juveniles at the lower pH levels. Low densities of parr in the more acidic river were a function of the high initial mortality of postemergent fry, and the mortality of parr during periods of pH minima such as over winter. Marking and recapture information and trapping at a weir for counting migrating fishes indicated that there was little emigration of parr other than in the spring when some movements occurred preceding and during smoltification. Average potential yield of 2-yr smolts was 0.8 smolt/100 m2 in the Westfield River and in the range of 2.7–6.6 smolts/100 m2 at higher pH levels in the North River. Growth was not limiting to production at the lower pH levels. After the first winter, 1-yr-old parr were much larger at the lower pH than they were at less acidic pH levels, the faster growth possibly resulting from the lower density of parr at the lowest pH. A temperature-related biphasic growth of 1-yr-old parr with periods of maximum growth in spring and autumn was recorded. Reduced production, a result of deleterious effects of low pH on survival and density in the Westfield River was probably sufficient to prevent the continued maintenance of a naturally produced salmon population in that river, whereas production at higher pH levels in the North River was comparable to that in near-neutral waters of other areas.

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in winter: "the season of parr discontent"?

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Cunjak ◽  
T D Prowse ◽  
D L Parrish
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Physical Habitat ◽  
Running Waters ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Abundance ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
Break Up

Winter is a dynamic period. Effects of the winter regime on northern streams and rivers is extremely variable and characterized by dramatic alterations in physical habitat to which Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) must acclimate and adapt to survive. In this paper, we synthesize recent advances in the biological and hydrologic/ geomorphic disciplines, with specific reference to Atlantic salmon overwintering in the freshwater portions of those running waters subject to freezing water temperatures. The specific requirements and adaptations for surviving winter at the three distinct life-stages in freshwater (egg, parr, kelt) are identified in relation to the characteristics of three biophysical phases: early winter (temperature decline and freeze-up), midwinter (ice growth and habitat reduction), and the break-up/warming phase. In a case study of Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick), a hydro-ecological analysis was used to explain interannual variability in juvenile abundance, especially for young-of-the-year salmon. A strong relation was found between winter discharge and interstage survival (egg to 0+, 0+ to 1+, 1+ to 2+) in 5 of 6<~>years. That is, juvenile salmon abundance in summer was highest following winters with high streamflow, presumably a function of habitat availability, especially beneath ice cover. However, the lowest measured egg-0+ survival (9.2%) was related to an atypical midwinter, dynamic ice break-up triggered by a rain-on-snow event that resulted in severe scouring of the stream-bed and redds. Thus, interannual variability in Atlantic salmon parr abundance from 1990 to 1996 was largely explained by density-independent (environmental) constraints to winter survival. The complexity of stream processes during winter underscores the need for interdisciplinary research to quantify biological change.

Water quality requirements of smolting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in limed acid rivers

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 2078-2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Kroglund ◽  
Magne Staurnes
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Acidic River

Groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts were held 1-13 days in soft water with a pH range of 5.0-6.6, concentrations of labile inorganic monomeric Al (Ali) of 10-90 µg·L-1, and 0.7-2.3 mg Ca·L-1. Fish were exposed to either naturally acidic water from a river in southwestern Norway, limed water from the same river, mixtures of acidic and limed river water, acidic river water with sulfuric acid and Al added, or limed river water with additional lime. Mortality was observed in all groups exposed to water with pH < 5.8 and containing 30-90 µg Ali·L-1. No fish died in water with pH > 5.8 and 15-20 µg Ali·L-1, but fish in water with pH 5.8-6.2 had lower plasma Cl- concentration and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than fish in water with pH > 6.5. Smolts exposed to pH < 5.8 were unable to survive in seawater, and smolts exposed to water with pH 5.8-6.2 had lower hypoosmoregulatory capacity than smolts exposed to water with pH > 6.5. These results show that even moderately acidified water with low Al concentrations impairs smoltification and reduces the seawater tolerance of Atlantic salmon smolts.

Aluminium in acidic river water causes mortality of farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norwegian fjords

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilhelm Bjerknes ◽  
Inger Fyllingen ◽  
Lisbet Holtet ◽  
Hans Chr. Teien ◽  
Bjørn O. Rosseland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Acidic River

Progression of Coronary Arterial Lesions in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) as a Function of Growth Rate

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 878-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Saunders ◽  
A. P. Farrell ◽  
D. E. Knox
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Arterial Lesions ◽  
Coronary Arterial Lesions ◽  
Sexually Mature

Development of coronary arteriosclerosis has been studied in all life stages of both wild and cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Lesions accumulate slowly during juvenile growth in freshwater in both wild and cultured populations and increase sharply during early marine life; much of the progression occurs well before the onset of sexual maturity. Fewer than 5% of sexually mature Atlantic salmon (wild or fast-growing cultivated) were free of coronary lesions. Lesions were distributed over 45–85% of the length of the coronary artery. Lesions were less abundant and less advanced in a cultured strain of salmon that grew more slowly than another cultured, fast-growing strain. We conclude that prevalence and severity of lesions in Atlantic salmon accelerate in parallel with, and possibly in response to, those factors responsible for rapid growth in the sea. We discuss diet, endocrine changes associated with sexual maturation, metabolic aspects of parr–smolt transformation, and physiological stress as factors possibly influencing progression of lesions associated with rapid growth during the marine stage.

Microstructure and texture of fresh and smoked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fillets from fish reared and slaughtered under different conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjofn Sigurgisladottir ◽  
Margret S. Sigurdardottir ◽  
Helga Ingvarsdottir ◽  
Ole J. Torrissen ◽  
Hannes Hafsteinsson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar
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