Stock Definition, Recruitment Variability, and Larval Recruitment Processes in the American Lobster, Homarus americanus: A Review

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 2072-2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Ennis

A review of the literature pertaining to stock definition, causes of variability in recruitment to standing stocks, and larval recruitment processes in the American lobster, Homarus americanus, is presented. Several stocks can be identified but their boundaries are indistinct. The areas are too large for consideration of any of the stocks as a single management unit. The bulk of annual landings is composed of recruitment to standing stocks since the preceding fishing season. Landings for all areas fluctuate and there is considerable variability in patterns of fluctuations between areas. Suggested causes of variability in recruitment include variation in temperature, variation in annual river discharge, fishery induced variability in egg production, man-made interruption in larval supply, and ecosystem change. Mechanisms that determine where larvae that originate in a given area eventually settle are uncertain. Literature on larval recruitment processes contains theories based on passive transport of larvae by surface currents and others based on interacting behavioral and hydrographic mechanisms that may enable larvae to maintain position near parental grounds.


2020 ◽  
pp. 267-290
Author(s):  
S.L. Waddy ◽  
D.E. Aiken


2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 525-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert MacMillan ◽  
Michel Comeau ◽  
Manon Mallet


Author(s):  
M. John Tremblay

The distribution of large epibenthic invertebrates (lobster and crabs, bivalve molluscs and echinoderms) in the Bras d’Or Lakes is reviewed, and possible limiting factors are identified. The review is based on published and unpublished studies, including recent trawl surveys directed at fish, and trapping studies directed at American lobster Homarus americanus and green crab Carcinus maenas. The reduced salinities within the Lakes probably limit the distribution of several species (rock crab Cancer irroratus, sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus and possibly American lobster), particularly during the more sensitive larval period. Lobsters and eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica serve to illustrate the multiple factors limiting epibenthic invertebrate distribution within the Bras d’Or Lakes. Lobsters are less abundant within the Bras d’Or Lakes than on the outer coast of Cape Breton Island. Possible reasons are the reduced salinity and limited cobble bottom substrate in the Bras d’Or Lakes, coupled with low food availability and low egg production. Low egg production may be the result of overfishing of lobsters in the past. The life history and physiology of the eastern oyster appears to be well suited to the areas of the Lakes with warm summer temperatures. The oyster populations in the Bras d’Or Lakes are limited by natural predators (e.g. starfish and green crab), competitors (e.g. blue mussel Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus), and overfishing. The green crab, a new arrival to the Bras d’Or Lakes, will likely have negative effects on bivalves such as oysters, but the overall effect of green crab on the Bras d’Or Lakes food web is difficult to predict. Recent trawl surveys indicate both sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and starfish are present in considerable abundance, but little is known about their ecological roles in the Bras d’Or Lakes.La distribution des grands invertébrés épibenthique (les homards et les crabes, les mollusques bivalves et les échinodermes) dans les lacs du Bras d’Or est examinée et les coefficients possiblement limitatifs sont identifies. La revue est basée sur des études publiées et non-publiées englobant les plus récentesétudes sur la pêche au chalut dirigées vers les poissons et les études sur la pêche aux casiers dirigées vers les homards américains Homarus americanus et les crabes verts Carcinus maenas. Salinités réduites dans les lacs du Bras d’Or limitent probablement la distribution de quelques espèces crabes roches Cancer irroratus, pétoncle géant Placopecten magellanicus et possiblement le homard américain, en particulier, pendent l’époque sensible du larvaire. Les homards et les huîtres de l’Est Crossostrea virginica montrent plusieurs facteurs coefficients limitatifs de la distribution des invertébrés épibenthique dan les lacs du Bras d’Or. Les homards sont moins abondants ici que sur la côte extérieure de L’Ille du Cap Breton. Des explications possibles sont la réduction de l’eau saline du pavé rond limite dans le substratum de lacs, ainsi que la pauvre disponibilité de mangé et la production basse des oeufs. Cette dernière est peut-être le résultat d’un trop grand prise de homards au passè. L’histoire et la physiologie des huîtres semblent être bien adaptés aux lieux des lacs de Bras d’Or, qui ont des temperatures chaudes dan l’été. La population des huîtres dans les lacs est limitée par des proies natures ( ie étoiles de mer et les crabes verts) compétiteurs ( ie. Moules bleus Mytilus edulis et M. trossulus) et une trop grande prise de poissons. Le crabe vert, une arrivée nouvelle dans les lacs du Bras d’Or va sans doute avoir des impacts négatifs sur les bivalues comme les huîtres, mais leurs impacts en general sur la chaîne nutritive est difficile à prédire. Les études les plus recents sur la pêche au chalut montrent qu’il y a ungrand nombre d’oursins de mer Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis et des étoiles de mer, mais on ne connait pas quel est leur rôle écologique dans les lacs du Bras d’Or.



1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Ennis ◽  
M. J. Fogarty

A 21-year series of annual estimates of egg production and recruitment in a Newfoundland lobster population indicates similar asymptotic relationships for recruitment to the fishery and to the adult population, both derived from legal stock estimates. Lines with slopes equal to the 90th-percentile and median survival ratios drawn through the origin of the egg production–adult recruitment scatterplot were examined as potential recruitment overfishing reference points for the Arnold’s Cove lobster stock. If the inverse of the estimated lifetime egg production per recruit (E/R) for a given exploitation rate exceeds the slope of the selected reference point, the risk of recruitment overfishing is high. For the Arnold’s Cove stock, the E/R level at a nominal 90% exploitation rate is estimated at 4.2% of the unfished population, compared with 2.5% for the overfishing reference point corresponding to the median survival ratio. Female lobsters at Arnold’s Cove mature at sizes below the minimum legal size, providing a buffer against high exploitation rates. Small, scattered refugia of large lobsters could also help to explain how heavily exploited populations of this species persist at such a low level of egg production.



2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 908-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marthe Larsen Haarr ◽  
Bernard Sainte-Marie ◽  
Michel Comeau ◽  
M. John Tremblay ◽  
Rémy Rochette

Changes in the environment and fishing have been shown to affect life-history characteristics, such as size or age of maturation, in a number of finfish and invertebrates. The American lobster (Homarus americanus) supports Canada’s most valuable fishery and exploitation rates are high. Female size-at-maturity (SM) is an important parameter in management of this species, as it is used in establishing minimum legal size regulations. In this study, we show with historical and recent data that SM of female American lobsters has declined across most of Canada, in some areas by as much as 30%, over the past 10–80 years. The spatial patterns of these declines are inconsistent with patterns of rising ocean temperature and lobster abundance (density). They are, however, strongly correlated to the strength of size-based fishery selection, and egg-per-recruit modeling indicates a gain in lifetime egg production associated with observed SM declines under a range of realistic harvesting scenarios. These findings suggest that the marked decrease we document in SM of female American lobsters in Canada over the past century represents an evolutionary response to intense exploitation.



Author(s):  
Jesica D Waller ◽  
Kathleen M Reardon ◽  
Sarah E Caron ◽  
Blaise P Jenner ◽  
Erin L Summers ◽  
...  

Abstract The carapace length (CL) at which American lobster (Homarus americanus) females reach maturity can be used to evaluate egg production, growth patterns, and the overall health of lobster stocks. The female maturity datasets used to represent Gulf of Maine (GOM) lobsters in the 2015 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission American Lobster Stock Assessment were collected in the 1990s by the Maine Department of Marine Resources at two coastal sites. Many studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between temperature and the size at maturity in female lobsters, and GOM waters have warmed significantly over this period. To update these GOM maturity datasets, we used ovarian staging to determine the maturity status of over 1200 females from fives sites over 3 years. Broad application of this methodology in tandem with key growth measurements on females 50–120 mm CL allowed us to characterize reproductive development and generate maturity ogives (proportion mature at a given CL). We observed a latitudinal gradient in the size at maturity across this coastal region of the GOM and quantified a decrease in this size over 25 years. These findings have implications for future stock assessment approaches and management measures implemented to sustain this valuable fishery.



2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-363
Author(s):  
Louise Gendron ◽  
Denis Lefaivre ◽  
Bernard Sainte-Marie

American lobster (Homarus americanus) egg production and settlement intensity were examined over a 19-year period (1995–2013) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence at the Magdalen Islands (MI), where the population is spatially isolated during the benthic phase. Settlement and hatch dates by year were back-calculated from observed young-of-the-year size structure and juvenile and larval growth models. Drift of locally released larvae, from stage I to the end of stage III, was simulated using an ocean circulation model. Settlement intensity was related positively to egg production and negatively to drift distance. There was a strong positive trend in settlement intensity explained largely by increasing egg production, as well as by declining larval duration and drift distance. In the last years of the study, settlement intensity may have been limited by nursery saturation. The results suggest that demographic connectivity through larval drift is highly dynamic in time and that it declined during our study period. The demographic dependence of the MI lobster population on other populations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence is probably low.



2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1392-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Fogarty ◽  
Louise Gendron

Large-scale changes in American lobster (Homarus americanus) landings and abundance have been documented in both Canada and the United States over the last several decades. The spatial coherence of these changes suggests the importance of common environmental and fishery-related factors operating over broad areas in the western North Atlantic. Changes in both biotic and abiotic factors have been hypothesized to underlie the recent increases in lobster production. Area expansion of lobsters to previously unoccupied or low-density areas appears to be an important element of the population increase. Here, we review biological reference points applied to American lobster populations in the United States and Canada. Egg production per recruit models have been used to specify limit reference points (F10% in the United States) or target reference points (increasing egg production per recruit to twice its 1995 level in Canada). Surplus production and yield-per-recruit models have also been employed to provide qualitative management guidelines. We describe sources of uncertainty in the development of biological reference points for American lobster based on dynamic pool models in relation to the precautionary approach. Finally we consider auxiliary indicators and reference points with potential application to lobster stocks.



1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth C. Harding ◽  
Ken F. Drinkwater ◽  
W. Peter Vass

The general aspects of fluctuating American lobster (Homarus americanus) stocks are considered in an attempt to identify common principles controlling lobster populations in the Gulf of Maine, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Inshore fishing mortality is known to be precariously high in both Canadian and American waters yet only in the central Northumberland Strait region and along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia are stocks experiencing steep declines. Existing regulations allow fishing of lobsters well below the size at which maturity can be expressed. In western and central Northumberland Strait female lobsters are not protected by the 'berried' law because of the timing of the fishing season. Climatic change, expressed as sea-surface temperature, is closely associated with the success of lobster recruitment in the Gulf of Maine, but nowhere else. Huntsman's hypothesis that warm surface water of sufficient duration is essential for the successful completion of the larval stages of the lobster is found to have wide application. Warmer waters are also found to have a preponderance of plankton in the size categories required for feeding by the first two larval stages. Both the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and the southwestern Gulf of Maine, including Georges Bank, are believed to be prolific nursery grounds for the early larval lobsters because warm water with plenty of food stimulates rapid development and settling. We calculated that larvae released on Georges Bank supply recruits to southern Nova Scotia, Bay of Fundy, and Maine, whereas some larvae from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence are thought to settle as far as Cape Breton Co., N.S., and before the closure of the Strait of Canso, Guysborough Co., N.S. The past importance of lobster recruitment to the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia through the Strait of Canso is estimated to have been as high as 60% of the average landings in Chedabucto Bay during the 11 best years of this fishery. The failure of the Atlantic coast lobster fishery off Nova Scotia is believed to have been initiated by a larval recruitment failure caused by the synchronous closure of the Strait of Canso and the start of a general climatic cooling. Possibly a critical temperature was reached along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia in the 1950s below which larval survival is much reduced by the shortened season. Reduced lobster abundance along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia may have contributed to the imbalance in the benthic ecosystem in which an uncontrolled urchin population consumed the kelp beds and until recently greatly reduced the primary production input to the system.Key words: American lobster, Homarus americanus; stocks, recruitment, ecology, larval transport



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