Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Striated Muscle

Mitochondrial biogenesis (synthesis) has been observed to occur in skeletal muscle in response to chronic use. It also occurs in cardiac muscle during growth and hypertrophy, and it may be impaired during the aging process. This review summarizes the literature on the processes of mitochondrial biogenesis at the biochemical and molecular levels, with particular reference to striated muscles. Mitochondrial biogenesis involves the expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes and the coordination of these two genomes, the synthesis of proteins and phospholipids and their import into the organelle, and the incorporation of these lipids and proteins into their appropriate locations within the matrix, inner or outer membranes. The emphasis is on the regulation of these events, with information derived in part from other cellular systems. Although descriptions of mitochondrial content changes in heart and skeletal muscle during altered physiological states are plentiful, much work is needed at the molecular level to investigate the regulatory processes involved. A knowledge of biochemical and molecular biology techniques is essential for continued progress in the field. This is a promising area, and potential new avenues for future research are suggested. Key words: heart, skeletal muscle, gene expression, heme metabolism, protein import

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Impact of hot and cold exposure on human skeletal muscle gene expression

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2016-0415 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 319-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Roksana B. Zak ◽

Robert J. Shute ◽

Matthew W.S. Heesch ◽

D. Taylor La Salle ◽

Matthew P. Bubak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Environmental Temperature ◽

Human Model ◽

Whole Body ◽

Muscle Gene Expression ◽

Muscle Gene ◽

The Impact

Many human diseases lead to a loss of skeletal muscle metabolic function and mass. Local and environmental temperature can modulate the exercise-stimulated response of several genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and skeletal muscle function in a human model. However, the impact of environmental temperature, independent of exercise, has not been addressed in a human model. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of exposure to hot, cold, and room temperature conditions on skeletal muscle gene expression related to mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle mass. Recreationally trained male subjects (n = 12) had muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis before and after 3 h of exposure to hot (33 °C), cold (7 °C), or room temperature (20 °C) conditions. Temperature had no effect on most of the genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis, myogenesis, or proteolysis (p > 0.05). Core temperature was significantly higher in hot and cold environments compared with room temperature (37.2 ± 0.1 °C, p = 0.001; 37.1 ± 0.1 °C, p = 0.013; 36.9 ± 0.1 °C, respectively). Whole-body oxygen consumption was also significantly higher in hot and cold compared with room temperature (0.38 ± 0.01 L·min−1, p < 0.001; 0.52 ± 0.03 L·min−1, p < 0.001; 0.35 ± 0.01 L·min−1, respectively). In conclusion, these data show that acute temperature exposure alone does not elicit significant changes in skeletal muscle gene expression. When considered in conjunction with previous research, exercise appears to be a necessary component to observe gene expression alterations between different environmental temperatures in humans.

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The role of calcium and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases in skeletal muscle plasticity and mitochondrial biogenesis

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1079/pns2004335 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 279-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Eva R. Chin

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽

Activated T Cells ◽

Muscle Plasticity ◽

Hypertrophic Growth ◽

Muscle Gene Expression ◽

Calcium Calmodulin Dependent ◽

Biological Phenomena ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Muscle Gene

Intracellular Ca2+plays an important role in skeletal muscle excitation–contraction coupling and also in excitation–transcription coupling. Activity-dependent alterations in muscle gene expression as a result of increased load (i.e. resistance or endurance training) or decreased activity (i.e. immobilization or injury) are tightly linked to the level of muscle excitation. Differential expression of genes in slow- and fast-twitch fibres is also dependent on fibre activation. Both these biological phenomena are, therefore, tightly linked to the amplitude and duration of the Ca2+transient, a signal decoded downstream by Ca2+-dependent transcriptional pathways. Evidence is mounting that the calcineurin–nuclear factor of activated T-cells pathway and the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMK) II and IV play important roles in regulating oxidative enzyme expression, mitochondrial biogenesis and expression of fibre-type specific myofibrillar proteins. CaMKII is known to decode frequency-dependent information and is activated during hypertrophic growth and endurance adaptations. Thus, it was hypothesized that CaMKII, and possibly CaMKIV, are down regulated during muscle atrophy and levels of expression of CaMKIIα, -IIβ, -IIγ and -IV were assessed in skeletal muscles from young, aged and denervated rats. The results indicate that CaMKIIγ, but not CaMKIIα or -β, is up regulated in aged and denervated soleus muscle and that CaMKIV is absent in skeletal but not cardiac muscle. Whether CaMKIIγ up-regulation is part of the pathology of wasting or a result of some adaptational response to atrophy is not known. Future studies will be important in determining whether insights from the adaptational response of muscle to increased loads will provide pharmacological approaches for increasing muscle strength or endurance to counter muscle wasting.

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Pharmacological regulation of skeletal muscle gene expression

Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas Datasets ◽

10.1621/datasets.05002 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

R Evans

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Gene Expression ◽

Pharmacological Regulation ◽

Muscle Gene

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Skeletal muscle gene expression in space‐flown rats

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fj.03-0419fje ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 522-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 146

Author(s):

Takeshi Nikawa ◽

Kazumi Ishidoh ◽

Katsuya Hirasaka ◽

Ibuki Ishihara ◽

Madoka Ikemoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Gene Expression ◽

Muscle Gene

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Effects of equine myostatin (MSTN) genotype variation on transcriptional responses in Thoroughbred skeletal muscle

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep190009 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 327-338

Author(s):

K. Bryan ◽

L.M. Katz ◽

E.W. Hill

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Skeletal Muscle Fibre ◽

P Value ◽

Transcriptional Responses ◽

Myostatin Gene ◽

Muscle Gene Expression ◽

Gene Differential Expression ◽

Sine Insertion ◽

Significant Enrichment ◽

Muscle Gene

Myostatin gene (MSTN) variation influences distance aptitude in Thoroughbreds as a consequence of functional physiological effects including skeletal muscle fibre type and muscle hypertrophy variation. A promotor region short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) insertion, tagged by SNP g.66493737-C, alters MSTN mRNA expression. We tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle gene expression varies among MSTN genotypes due to differential up- or down-stream gene signalling pathways that may be influenced by exercise and training and consequently contribute to variation in exercise phenotypes. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected from Thoroughbreds previously genotyped for MSTN (n=35 CC, n=50 CT, n=9 TT) at three different time-points: untrained at rest (UR), untrained after exercise (UE) and trained at rest (TR). Gene differential expression (DE) was determined from RNAseq data using DESeq2 (Benjamini-Hochberg P-value <0.05). Functional over-representation analysis was performed in DAVID. In UR samples, one, nine and 47 genes were DE between CC vs CT, CT vs TT and C:C vs TT, respectively. The OSGEPL1 gene, located <250 Kb proximal to MSTN, was DE among all cohorts. Six genes were DE in UE between CC vs TT including OSGEPL1, FGF10 and COQ8A. There was significant enrichment for GO categories related to mitochondria in TR. Comparison of the exercise response (UR vs UE) revealed patterns of expression that were opposing; i.e. CHRNG was 0.857 log2FC in the TT cohort but 2.055 log2FC in the CC cohort. Genes located in proximity to MSTN and involved in mitochondrial function were most significantly different among genotype cohorts. Patterns of DE among genotypes suggests gene-regulated influence on the phenotype. Understanding these patterns may assist genotype-guided training strategies.

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Stable incorporation of a bacterial gene into adult rat skeletal muscle in vivo

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.1990.258.3.c578 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 258 (3) ◽

pp. C578-C581 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

D. B. Thomason ◽

F. W. Booth

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Leukemia Virus ◽

Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽

Bacterial Gene ◽

Muscle Gene Expression ◽

Adult Rat ◽

Foreign Genes ◽

Muscle Gene ◽

Beta Galactosidase

We have developed a novel technique to incorporate and stably express foreign genes in adult rat skeletal muscle in vivo. Endogeneous satellite cells in skeletal muscle regenerating from bupivacaine damage were infected with an injected retrovirus containing the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene under the promoter control of the Moloney murine leukemia virus long-terminal repeat. Constitutive and stable expression of beta-galactosidase activity was observed in muscle fibers after 6 days and 1 mo of muscle regeneration. Two patterns of expression were observed, diffuse expression within fibers and focal expression associated with the sarcolemma. This technique will allow future experiments with muscle-specific genes and promoters to study the physiological regulation of skeletal muscle gene expression in the intact adult mammal. Furthermore, the technique of stimulating stem cell proliferation to allow retroviral-mediated gene transfer may be generally applicable to other tissues.

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Effects of ractopamine and sex on serum metabolites and skeletal muscle gene expression in finishing steers and heifers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jas.2009-2409 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 88 (4) ◽

pp. 1349-1357 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

D. K. Walker ◽

E. C. Titgemeyer ◽

T. J. Baxa ◽

K. Y. Chung ◽

D. E. Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Serum Metabolites ◽

Muscle Gene Expression ◽

Finishing Steers ◽

Muscle Gene

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Skeletal Muscle Ribosome and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Response to Different Exercise Training Modalities

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.725866 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Paulo H. C. Mesquita ◽

Christopher G. Vann ◽

Stuart M. Phillips ◽

James McKendry ◽

Kaelin C. Young ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽

Ribosome Biogenesis ◽

Exercise Physiology ◽

Future Research ◽

Mitochondrial Dna Copy Number ◽

Mtorc1 Signaling ◽

Amp Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Training Modalities

Skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance and endurance training include increased ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis, respectively. Such adaptations are believed to contribute to the notable increases in hypertrophy and aerobic capacity observed with each exercise mode. Data from multiple studies suggest the existence of a competition between ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis, in which the first adaptation is prioritized with resistance training while the latter is prioritized with endurance training. In addition, reports have shown an interference effect when both exercise modes are performed concurrently. This prioritization/interference may be due to the interplay between the 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling cascades and/or the high skeletal muscle energy requirements for the synthesis and maintenance of cellular organelles. Negative associations between ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA copy number in human blood cells also provide evidence of potential competition in skeletal muscle. However, several lines of evidence suggest that ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis can occur simultaneously in response to different types of exercise and that the AMPK-mTORC1 interaction is more complex than initially thought. The purpose of this review is to provide in-depth discussions of these topics. We discuss whether a curious competition between mitochondrial and ribosome biogenesis exists and show the available evidence both in favor and against it. Finally, we provide future research avenues in this area of exercise physiology.

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A distinct cardiopharyngeal mesoderm genetic hierarchy establishes antero-posterior patterning of esophagus striated muscle

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.47460 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Glenda Comai ◽

Eglantine Heude ◽

Sebastian Mella ◽

Sylvain Paisant ◽

Francesca Pala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Striated Muscle ◽

Striated Muscles ◽

Food Ingestion ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Pharmacological Studies ◽

Posterior Migration ◽

Functional Relevance ◽

Genetic Signatures ◽

Genetic Hierarchy

In most vertebrates, the upper digestive tract is composed of muscularized jaws linked to the esophagus that permits food ingestion and swallowing. Masticatory and esophagus striated muscles (ESM) share a common cardiopharyngeal mesoderm (CPM) origin, however ESM are unusual among striated muscles as they are established in the absence of a primary skeletal muscle scaffold. Using mouse chimeras, we show that the transcription factors Tbx1 and Isl1 are required cell-autonomously for myogenic specification of ESM progenitors. Further, genetic loss-of-function and pharmacological studies point to MET/HGF signaling for antero-posterior migration of esophagus muscle progenitors, where Hgf ligand is expressed in adjacent smooth muscle cells. These observations highlight the functional relevance of a smooth and striated muscle progenitor dialogue for ESM patterning. Our findings establish a Tbx1-Isl1-Met genetic hierarchy that uniquely regulates esophagus myogenesis and identify distinct genetic signatures that can be used as framework to interpret pathologies arising within CPM derivatives.

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