Ultrastructural changes in neutrophils treated with staphylococcal alpha toxin

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Maheswaran ◽  
S. P. Frommes ◽  
R. K. Lindorfer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Alpha Toxin ◽  
Nuclear Changes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Ground Substance

Purified alpha toxin was cytotoxic to rabbit neutrophils as revealed by electron microscopy. Cells treated with alpha toxin showed aggregation of glycogen granules, extensive degranulation, and loss of cytoplasmic ground substance. Vesicles were present within the cytoplasm and outside the cells. The nuclear lobes were round and showed chromatin dissolution. Degranulation of the cell resulted in the formation of vesicles. These ultrastructural changes, except the nuclear changes, were similar to those of leucocytes treated with P-V leucocidin.

Ultrastructural Hepatic Changes Induced by Electrocution

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 152-153
Author(s):  
B. H. Schofield ◽  
I. W. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hepatic Cell ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuolization ◽  
Angora Goats ◽  
Cytoplasmic Ground Substance ◽  
Cell Vacuolization ◽  
Ballistic Trauma

During the course of investigations of ballistic trauma-induced hepatic changes in the goat, cytoplasmic hepatic cell vacuolization was observed in those animals killed by electrocution. To determine the pathogenesis of these vacuoles six castrated Texas Angora goats (Capra hircus) were electrocuted with 60 cycle a-c, 120 ± 5 volts, wall current with a rectal electrode and tongue electrode. Three goats killed with intravenous pentobarbital served as control animals.We consistently observed hepatic cell cytoplasmic vacuolization by light and electron microscopy in the electrocuted goats (Figure 1 and Figure 2). These vacuoles were bounded by a single smooth-surfaced membrane and a thin rim of amorphous cytoplasmic ground substance. The vacuoles occasionally distended the hepatocytes and measured up to 18μ in greatest diameter.

Studies on The Cytoplasmic Ground Substance Using High Voltage Electron Microscopy of Whole Cultured Cells

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 818-821
Author(s):  
K.R. Porter ◽  
K.J. Luby
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Monolayer Culture ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Cytoplasmic Ground Substance ◽  
Very High

Cells of several types, when grown and maintained in monolayer culture, will spread on the substrate to be not greater than 1 pm thick in their thinner margins. When fixed with glutaraldehyde and OsO4 and then dried by the critical-point method,these cells can be viewed in the HVEM and stereo images of very high quality can be obtained. Grown directly on formvar-coated gold grids, such cells are quickly and easily prepared for microscopy.

scholarly journals The interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE) is localized on the external cell surface membranes and in the cytoplasmic ground substance of human monocytes by immuno-electron microscopy.

1995 ◽  
Vol 182 (5) ◽  
pp. 1447-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
I I Singer ◽  
S Scott ◽  
J Chin ◽  
E K Bayne ◽  
G Limjuco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Human Monocytes ◽  
Interleukin 1 Beta ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Immuno Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ultrathin Cryosections ◽  
Cytoplasmic Ground Substance

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-converting enzyme (ICE) is a novel cysteine protease that cleaves the 31-kD inactive cytoplasmic IL-1 beta precursor into active extracellular 17-kD IL-1 beta. The ICE gene product is a 45-kD proenzyme that requires proteolytic processing to activate ICE. Active ICE is a heterodimer consisting of equal amounts of p20 and p10 subunits. Generation of active ICE is affected by the removal of an 11-kD NH2-terminal precursor domain (p11) and an internal 19-amino acid sequence that separates the 20- and 10-kD subunits. Immuno-electron microscopy was performed on human monocytes with immunoglobulins recognizing the active (p20) or precursor (p11) domains of ICE. Elutriated monocytes were stimulated with 50 pM lipopolysaccharide followed by heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus under conditions that induce maximal rates of IL-1 beta secretion. Ultrathin cryosections were cut from fixed frozen pellets of these monocytes and were immunogold labeled with either antibody. Active and precursor domain ICE epitopes were localized in the cytoplasmic ground substance, but they were not detected within the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules of activated or inactive monocytes. Importantly, numerous ICE p20 epitopes were also observed on the extracellular surfaces of the cell membrane, and were concentrated on the microvilli. Very similar patterns of ICE localization were obtained with unstimulated blood monocytes. In contrast, ICE p11 epitopes were not detected on the surfaces of these monocytes. Likewise, labeling of fixed ultrathin cryosections of monocytes with a biotinylated irreversible ICE inhibitor [Ac-Tyr-Val-Lys(biotin)-Asp-(acyloxy)-methyl-ketone] showed that the compound localized on the outer cell surface as well, and to a lesser extent, within the cytoplasmic ground substance. Furthermore, antipeptide antibodies specific for either the mature or precursor domains of IL-1 beta were both localized upon the cell membrane after stimulation of IL-1 beta secretion. Lipopolysaccaride-primed monocytes that synthesized, but did not secrete IL-1 beta, exhibited only cytoplasmic staining. The data suggests that mature IL-1 beta is generated via cleavage of the 31-kD inactive cytoplasmic IL-1 beta precursor by ICE after association with the plasma membrane during secretion.

Fluoride-associated ultrastructural changes and apoptosis in human renal tubule: a pilot study

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1199-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Quadri ◽  
S Sarwar ◽  
A Sinha ◽  
M Kalaivani ◽  
AK Dinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nuclear Condensation ◽  
Urinary Fluoride ◽  
Cytoplasmic Ground Substance

The susceptibility of the kidneys to fluoride toxicity can largely be attributed to its anatomy and function. As the filtrate moves along the complex tubular structure of each nephron, it is concentrated in the proximal and distal tubules and collecting duct. It has been frequently observed that the children suffering from renal impairments also have some symptoms of dental and skeletal fluorosis. The findings suggest that fluoride somehow interferes with renal anatomy and physiology, which may lead to renal pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride-associated nephrotoxicity. A total of 156 patients with childhood nephrotic syndrome were screened and it was observed that 32 of them had significantly high levels ( p ≤ 0.05) of fluoride in urine (4.01 ± 1.83 ppm) and serum (0.1 ± 0.013 ppm). On the basis of urinary fluoride concentration, patients were divided into two groups, namely group 1 (G-1) ( n = 32) containing normal urine fluoride (0.61 ± 0.17 ppm) and group 2 (G-2) ( n = 32) having high urine fluoride concentration (4.01 ± 1.83 ppm). Age-matched healthy subjects ( n = 33) having normal levels of urinary fluoride (0.56 ± 0.15 ppm) were included in the study as control (group 0 (G-0)). Kidney biopsies were taken from G-1 and G-2 only, who were subjected to ultrastructural (transmission electron microscopy) and apoptotic (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling) analysis. Various subcellular ultrastructural changes including nuclear disintegration, chromosome condensation, cytoplasmic ground substance lysis, and endoplasmic reticulum blebbing were observed. Increased levels of apoptosis were observed in high fluoride group (G-2) compared to normal fluoride group (G-1). Various degrees of fluoride-associated damages to the architecture of tubular epithelia, such as cell swelling and lysis, cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear condensation, apoptosis, and necrosis, were observed.

Organisation in the Structure of the Cytoplasmic Ground Substance

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-639
Author(s):  
K.R. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Ground Substance

Most types of cells are known from their structure and overall form to possess a characteristic organization. In some instances this is evident in the non-random disposition of organelles and such system subunits as cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi complex. In others it appears in the distribution and orientation of cytoplasmic fibrils. And in yet others the organization finds expression in the non-random distribution and orientation of microtubules, especially as found in highly anisometric cells and cell processes. The impression is unavoidable that in none of these cases is the organization achieved without the involvement of the cytoplasmic ground substance (CGS) or matrix. This impression is based on the fact that a matrix is present and that in all instances these formed structures, whether membranelimited or filamentous, are suspended in it. In some well-known instances, as in arrays of microtubules which make up axonemes and axostyles, the matrix resolves itself into bridges (and spokes) between the microtubules, bridges which are in some cases very regularly disposed and uniform in size (Mcintosh, 1973; Bloodgood and Miller, 1974; Warner and Satir, 1974).

Fibroblasts During Hypertrophic Scar Formation and Resolution

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
C. W. Kischer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Hypertrophic Scar ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Hypertrophic Scars ◽  
Scanning Electron

The morphology of the fibroblasts changes markedly as the healing period from burn wounds progresses, through development of the hypertrophic scar, to resolution of the scar by a self-limiting process of maturation or therapeutic resolution. In addition, hypertrophic scars contain an increased cell proliferation largely made up of fibroblasts. This tremendous population of fibroblasts seems congruous with the abundance of collagen and ground substance. The fine structure of these cells should reflect some aspects of the metabolic activity necessary for production of the scar, and might presage the stage of maturation.A comparison of the fine structure of the fibroblasts from normal skin, different scar types, and granulation tissue has been made by transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Ultrastructural Changes of Canine Kidneys During 24-Hour Perfusion on a LI-400 Preservation System

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 316-317
Author(s):  
M. O. Magnusson ◽  
D. G. Osborne ◽  
T. Shimoji ◽  
W. S. Kiser ◽  
W. A. Hawk
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Midline Incision ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pentobarbital Anesthesia ◽  
Pulsatile Perfusion

Short term experimental and clinical preservation of kidneys is presently best accomplished by hypothermic continuous pulsatile perfusion with cryoprecipitated and millipore filtered plasma. This study was undertaken to observe ultrastructural changes occurring during 24-hour preservation using the above mentioned method.A kidney was removed through a midline incision from healthy mongrel dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia. The kidneys were flushed immediately after removal with chilled electrolyte solution and placed on a LI-400 preservation system and perfused at 8-10°C. Serial kidney biopsies were obtained at 0-½-1-2-4-8-16 and 24 hours of preservation. All biopsies were prepared for electron microscopy. At the end of the preservation period the kidneys were autografted.

Effect of Acetone and Kerosene on Skin Ultrastructure

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 92-93
Author(s):  
A. P. Lupulescu ◽  
H. Pinkus ◽  
D. J. Birmingham
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Human Epidermis ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Skin Ultrastructure ◽  
Volar Surface

Our laboratory is engaged in the study of the effect of different chemical agents on human skin, using electron microscopy. Previous investigations revealed that topical use of a strong alkali (NaOH 1N) or acid (HCl 1N), induces ultrastructural changes in the upper layers of human epidermis. In the current experiments, acetone and kerosene, which are primarily lipid solvents, were topically used on the volar surface of the forearm of Caucasian and Negro volunteers. Skin specimens were bioptically removed after 90 min. exposure and 72. hours later, fixed in 3% buffered glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 1% phosphate osmium tetroxide, then flat embedded in Epon.

scholarly journals Establishment of an in vitro model for analyzing mitochondrial ultrastructure in PRKN-mutated patient iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutsumi Yokota ◽  
Soichiro Kakuta ◽  
Takahiro Shiga ◽  
Kei-ichi Ishikawa ◽  
Hideyuki Okano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Vitro Model

AbstractMitochondrial structural changes are associated with the regulation of mitochondrial function, apoptosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. PRKN is known to be involved with various mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control including mitochondrial structural changes. Parkinson’s disease (PD) with PRKN mutations is characterized by the preferential degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which has been suggested to result from the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. However, ultrastructural changes of mitochondria specifically in dopaminergic neurons derived from iPSC have rarely been analyzed. The main reason for this would be that the dopaminergic neurons cannot be distinguished directly among a mixture of iPSC-derived differentiated cells under electron microscopy. To selectively label dopaminergic neurons and analyze mitochondrial morphology at the ultrastructural level, we generated control and PRKN-mutated patient tyrosine hydroxylase reporter (TH-GFP) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. Correlative light-electron microscopy analysis and live cell imaging of GFP-expressing dopaminergic neurons indicated that iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons had smaller and less functional mitochondria than those in non-dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, the formation of spheroid-shaped mitochondria, which was induced in control dopaminergic neurons by a mitochondrial uncoupler, was inhibited in the PRKN-mutated dopaminergic neurons. These results indicate that our established TH-GFP iPSC lines are useful for characterizing mitochondrial morphology, such as spheroid-shaped mitochondria, in dopaminergic neurons among a mixture of various cell types. Our in vitro model would provide insights into the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons and the processes leading to the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in patients with PRKN mutations.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Abortion and Chikungunya Infection: Pathological Findings

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 554
Author(s):  
Natália Salomão ◽  
Michelle Brendolin ◽  
Kíssila Rabelo ◽  
Mayumi Wakimoto ◽  
Ana Maria de Filippis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Spontaneous Abortion ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chorionic Villi ◽  
Decidual Cells ◽  
Hofbauer Cells ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Maternal Fetal Transmission

Intrauterine transmission of the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) during early pregnancy has rarely been reported, although vertical transmission has been observed in newborns. Here, we report four cases of spontaneous abortion in women who became infected with CHIKV between the 11th and 17th weeks of pregnancy. Laboratorial confirmation of the infection was conducted by RT-PCR on a urine sample for one case, and the other three were by detection of IgM anti-CHIKV antibodies. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and an electron microscopy assay allowed us to find histopathological, such as inflammatory infiltrate in the decidua and chorionic villi, as well as areas of calcification, edema and the deposition of fibrinoid material, and ultrastructural changes, such as mitochondria with fewer cristae and ruptured membranes, endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisterns, dispersed chromatin in the nuclei and the presence of an apoptotic body in case 1. In addition, by immunohistochemistry (IHC), we found a positivity for the anti-CHIKV antibody in cells of the endometrial glands, decidual cells, syncytiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts, Hofbauer cells and decidual macrophages. Electron microscopy also helped in identifying virus-like particles in the aborted material with a diameter of 40–50 nm, which was consistent with the size of CHIKV particles in the literature. Our findings in this study suggest early maternal fetal transmission, adding more evidence on the role of CHIKV in fetal death.

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