Cation exchange in cell walls of gram-positive bacteria

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Marquis ◽  
Kathleen Mayzel ◽  
Edwin L. Carstensen
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Ionic Strength ◽  
Monovalent Cations ◽  
Anionic Sites ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Anionic Groups

The relative affinities of various cations for anionic sites in isolated, bacterial cell walls were assessed by means of a technique involving displacement of one cation by another. The affinity series determined was [Formula: see text]. High affinity was correlated with low mobility of the bound ions in an electric field. The net cation-exchange capacities of walls isolated from a variety of bacteria were estimated by preparing the magnesium forms of the walls, washing them well with deionized water to remove supernumerary ions, and then completely displacing the magnesium with Na+ or H+. Total amounts of magnesium displaced varied from 73 μmol per gram dry weight, for walls of the teichoic acid-deficient 52A5 strain of Staphylococcus aureus to about 520 μmol per gram for Bacillus megaterium KM walls. The amount of displacable magnesium was inversely related to the physical compactness of the walls, except for walls of Streptococcus mutans GS-5. It was found that magnesium or calcium ions can each neutralize, or pair with, two anionic groups in walls suspended in ion-deficient media. Previous work had indicated that these ions may pair with only one anionic group at high ionic strength. Therefore, it appeared that there is a great deal of flexibility in the arrangement of charged groups in the wall. It was concluded also that for cells growing in commonly used laboratory media, which generally contain large excesses of monovalent versus divalent cations, there is a mix of small, cationic counterions in the wall and that monovalent cations may predominate even though the wall has higher affinity for divalent ions.

Ion behavior in plant cell walls. II. Measurement of the Donnan free space, anion-exclusion space, anion-exchange capacity, and cation-exchange capacity in delignified Sphagnum russowii cell walls

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 460-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad Richter ◽  
Jack Dainty
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Anion Exchange Capacity ◽  
Anion Exclusion ◽  
Donnan Free Space

Isolated delignified cell walls from Sphagnum russowii Warnsdorf were incubated in various chloride salt solutions at neutral pH (pH 7 – 8), and ion sorption was measured directly by neutron activation analysis. The anion-exchange capacity was estimated to be 63 – 66 μequiv./g dry weight of wall material in the protonated form. The volume of the anion-exclusion space was 2.63 ± 0.21 (± SD, n = 3) and 1.65 ± 0.35 (± SD, n = 2) mL/g dry weight in NaCl and CaCl2, respectively. A novel approach to measure the Donnan free space is proposed: for walls equilibrated in a salt mixture containing 10 mequiv./L NaCl and 10 mequiv./L CaCl2, the Na+ ions can be considered "uncondensed" in the Manning sense. From the Donnan relationship for Na+ and Cl− ions in the internal and external phases, the Donnan free space was calculated to be 1.77 mL/g dry weight. Titrating walls from pH 2.1 to 9.1 in the presence of 10 mequiv./L NaCl and 10 mequiv./L CaCl2 revealed a maximum cation-exchange capacity above pH 6 of ca. 1900 μequiv./g dry weight. This corresponds to a fixed anionic charge concentration in the Donnan free space of 1.1 M. Key words: ion exchange, cell wall, Donnan free space.

Cationic uptake and exchange in Salmonella enteritidis

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Chipley ◽  
H. M. Edwards Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Monovalent Cations ◽  
Cationic Exchange ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Dialysis Time

The use of inorganic cations in cells and purified cell walls of Salmonella enteritidis was investigated. Both the uptake and exchange of radioactive cations were energy-dependent and influenced by pH, by dialysis time and temperature, and by the ionic content of the surrounding medium. Cell walls bound 47Ca2+ to the greatest extent, followed in order by 65Zn2+, 54Mn2+, and 59Fe3+. Another determining factor for cationic exchange was valency, with divalent cations exchanging to the greatest extent, followed by trivalent and monovalent cations, respectively. The greatest amount of exchange occurred between a radioisotope and a stable isotope of the same species. All losses of radioactivity were dialyzable indicating that this exchange involves very small moieties, perhaps the cation alone. Both 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) significantly decreased autologous exchange, cationic exchange, and cationic uptake in either cells or cell walls. It was postulated that these two compounds either inhibited ATP hydrolysis or reacted with membrane sites such that the membrane could no longer undergo configurational changes associated with cationic transport or exchange.

scholarly journals Cell Walls of a Teichoic Acid Deficient Mutant of Bacillus subtilis

1971 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Heijenoort ◽  
Daniele Menjon ◽  
Bernard Flouret ◽  
Jekisiel Szulmajster ◽  
Jean Laporte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Deficient Mutant

The physiology of teichoic acid deficient staphylococci

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1393-1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Tse Ou ◽  
A. N. Chatterjee ◽  
F. E. Young ◽  
R. E. Marquis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Parent Strain ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Binding Affinities ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Growth Inhibitory ◽  
Acid Titration ◽  
Phosphate Groups

Cell walls isolated from a teichoic acid deficient mutant (52A5) of Staphylococcus aureus strain H were found to have lower capacities to bind cations than did walls of the parent strain. Both types of walls had higher binding affinities for Mg2+ and Ca2+ than for K+ and Na+. The reduced number of phosphate groups in 52A5 walls was reflected in a higher apparent pKa of 4.3 for displacement of Mg2+ (or Ca2+) during acid titration with HCl. The comparable pKa value for displacement of bound Mg2+ from parent-strain walls was 3.7. The reduced capacity of 52A5 walls to bind cations was not reflected in any significant increase in sensitivity to the growth inhibitory actions of ethylenediaminetetraacetate, low pH, or high NaCl concentrations. However, the 52A5 strain was somewhat more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of high pH. Also, mutant walls were found to be structurally more compact than walls of the parent strain, presumably because of less extensive electrostatic repulsion within the wall matrix.

scholarly journals Cation exchange capacity of an oxisol amended with an effluent from domestic sewage treatment

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 552-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriel Ferreira da Fonseca ◽  
Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni ◽  
Adolpho José Melfi ◽  
Célia Regina Montes
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Barium Chloride ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Ionic Force ◽  
Barium Chloride Solution

The addition of Na-rich anthropogenic residues to tropical soils has stimulated the scientific community to study the role of sodium in both the soil solution and the exchange complex. In this study, several different methods were used to calculate the concentration of exchangeable and soluble cations and this data was then used to establish correlations between the level of these cations and both the accumulation of various elements and the dry weight of maize grown in a greenhouse under different conditions. In the closed environments of the pots, the most suitable method for calculating the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) was the cation exchange capacity calculated by cations removed with barium chloride solution (CEC S). Then again, the actual cation exchange capacity (CEC A) should be measured by using Mg adsorption to prevent ionic force from influencing electric charges. A strong positive correlation was obtained between the concentrations of Na in the 1:2 soil:water extracts and the accumulation of Na in the maize plants, indicating saline or double acid extractors are not needed when monitoring the Na concentration only.

scholarly journals THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF MACROPHAGE RNA-ANTIGEN COMPLEXES AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO IMMUNE INDUCTION

1969 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges E. Roelants ◽  
Joel W. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Total Absence ◽  
Synthetic Polypeptides ◽  
Antigen Complex ◽  
Anionic Groups ◽  
Do So

10 different compounds, including natural and synthetic polypeptides, proteins, polysaccharides, amino acids, and steroid hormones, were assayed for their capacity to form complexes with peritoneal exudate cell RNA. Only molecules carrying negatively charged groups were able to do so. The formation of RNA-antigen complexes was unrelated to the immuno-potency of the "antigen," was not an enzyme-dependent reaction, did not require the synthesis of RNA following introduction of the antigen, did not seem to involve antigen-specific RNAs, was not specific for macrophages, since HeLa cells could be used as effectively, and occurred when purified RNA was mixed with antigen only in the presence of divalent cations. The complexes were very stable, once formed, but could be dissociated by exhaustive dialysis against buffers containing a chelating agent. The macrophage RNA-antigen complex therefore appears to be a chelate between anionic groups on the two components. Based on the total absence of a relationship between immunogenicity and the capacity to form such complexes, as well as the nonspecific nature of complex formation at every level examined, it appears unlikely that RNA-antigen complexes play a physiologically significant role in immune induction.

The role of sodium chloride in the process of induction by lithium chloride in cells of the Rana pipiens gastrula

Development ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-396
Author(s):  
Lester G. Barth ◽  
Lucena J. Barth
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Monovalent Cations ◽  
High Concentration

A study of the effects of a series of monovalent cations, Li+, Na+ and K+, and a series of divalent cations, Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, upon small aggregates of cells taken from the presumptive epidermis of Rana pipiens gastrulae revealed that these ions induce nerve and pigment cells (Barth, 1965). The effectiveness of both series of ions as inductors was similar to their effects on decreasing the electrophoretic mobility of DNA as determined by Ross & Scruggs (1964). When it was found that sucrose in glass-distilled water also would induce nerve and pigment cells the role of ions as inductors came under closer scrutiny. A study of the nature of the induction by sucrose revealed that a relatively high concentration of sodium ions was necessary in the culture medium used after sucrose treatment (Barth, 1966).

scholarly journals The linkage between teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

FEBS Letters ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Coley ◽  
E. Tarelli ◽  
A.R. Archibald ◽  
J. Baddiley
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Cell Walls
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