Phytomass production in young mixed plantations of Alnus rubra (Bong.) and cottonwood in western Washington

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1007-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Heilman ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Mixed Plantations ◽  
Rotation Culture ◽  
Western Washington

Use of red alder in mixture with 28 clones of cottonwood in close spaced, short-rotation culture for fiber and energy was investigated. Early growth was rapid with red alder averaging 7.2 m and cottonwood mixed with alder averaging 8.2 m in height after 3 years. Alder significantly increased nitrogen content of cottonwood foliage in the 1st and 2nd years but not in the 3rd. Mean height of cottonwood at 3 years was increased in mixture with red alder. However, heights of the shortest cottonwood clones were reduced. Dry weight production on mixed plots (both species combined) was generally less than for pure cottonwood. Only with the slowest growing cottonwood clones did mixed stands show increased dry weight production. The best cottonwood clone, a hybrid (Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoides), produced 20.3 t∙ha−1∙year−1 dry weight for 3 years in pure stands compared with 2.8 t∙ha−1∙year−1 for the poorest. Production by alder was inversely related to cottonwood production in mixed plantings. Nodulation and C2H3 reduction was evaluated during the third growing season. Results indicated severe decline in nitrogenase activity where overtopping and shading of red alder by adjacent cottonwood occurred. At this site, the success of this mixture appears to depend upon use of cottonwood clones that do not outgrow the alder. Since the highest yielding cottonwood clones are much more productive at this site than the alder that we used, there would seem to be little incentive for mixed plantings of these species under the conditions of this experiment.

Nutrient Limitation in Red Alder (Alnus Rubra) and Conifer Forested Streams of Western Washington State, U.S.A

2008 ◽  
Vol 159 (1) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROL J. VOLK ◽  
PETER M. KIFFNEY ◽  
ROBERT L. EDMONDS
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Limitation ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Western Washington

Olfactory and feeding preferences of Cryptorhynchus lapathi among hosts and nonhosts

2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Broberg ◽  
John H. Borden ◽  
Regine Gries
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Acer Macrophyllum ◽  
Frequent Attack

AbstractIn British Columbia, native willows (Salix spp.) (Salicaceae) and, to a lesser extent, black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) (Salicaceae) are frequently attacked by the poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) (Betulaceae), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh) (Aceraceae) are not attacked. We studied olfaction and feeding preferences in the laboratory and feeding, oviposition, and emergence in the field. Female C. lapathi preferred Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.) over all other species by olfaction, but males did not discriminate between Scouler's willow and black cottonwood or trembling aspen. All species elicited at least some attraction in no-choice situations. Willow was generally preferred for feeding, but black cottonwood and red alder were also acceptable, unlike trembling aspen or bigleaf maple. In field caging experiments, adult weevils emerged from willow, black cottonwood, and red alder. We conclude that olfaction and feeding preferences are sufficiently powerful to mediate the frequent attack observed on native willows, the intermediate levels of attack on cottonwood, and the absence of attack on red alder. Successful development on red alder suggests that C. lapathi could expand its host range to include this species.

Patterns of nutrient concentration in basidiocarps in western Washington

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 694-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Vogt ◽  
R. L. Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Lignicolous Fungi ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Armillariella Mellea

Fruiting bodies and forest floor samples were collected and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Na content in red alder, Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and Pacific silver fir ecosystems in western Washington. Different genera and species of fungi showed wide variation in the capability of concentrating nutrients within their fruiting bodies. Ranges of nutrient content for fruiting bodies were 0.66–11.27% N, 0.04–2.39% P, 7 – 32 080 ppm Ca, 2975 – 57 404 ppm K, 10–7096 ppm Mg, 3–1727 ppm Mn, 15–3975 ppm Fe, 18–6763 ppm Na, and 15–278 ppm Zn. Nitrogen, P, and K were concentrated in significantly higher levels in fruiting bodies versus the forest floor in all ecosystems. Nitrogen and K were concentrated at levels higher than 1% while P, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Na were concentrated at levels less than 1% of the dry weight of the fruiting bodies. Calcium was not concentrated by fungi in sporocarps, except for Armillariella mellea rhizomorphs (3.2% on dry weight basis). Lignicolous fungi were lower in N and K than nonlignicolous fungi.

Development of flood-induced lenticels in red alder nodules prior to the restoration of nitrogenase activity

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1373-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet McCray Batzli ◽  
Jeffrey O Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Space ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Microscope Examination ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) is a nitrogen-fixing woody plant that is common on wetland sites and tolerates flooding through a variety of induced morphological and physiological changes. Among these changes are the formation of hypertrophied nodule lenticels and the subsequent full restoration of nitrogenase activity after 50 days of flooding. The objective of this study was to examine fine structural changes within red alder nodules during lenticel development that correspond to changes in nitrogenase activity during a 50-day experimental flood. Nodulated seedlings of red alder were grown under greenhouse conditions and then exposed to root flooding for 1, 20, 35, or 50 days. At each harvest, estimates of nitrogenase activity were made via acetylene reduction, and nodule samples were taken for light-microscope examination. Only after 50 days of flooding did red alder show restoration of nitrogenase to pretreatment levels. At this time, Frankia vesicles were found to be directly adjacent to developing lenticel tissue and large intercellular spaces. Intercellular space within the nodule increased from 0.6% in nonflooded tissue to 5.7% after 50 days of flooding. Our results demonstrate the sensitivity of the nitrogenase enzyme to low oxygen soil conditions and indicate that substantial morphological change within the nodule must occur before red alder can regain the capacity to fix nitrogen under flooded conditions.Key words: Alnus rubra, Frankia, waterlogged, biological nitrogen fixation, hypertrophied lenticels, intercellular space.

Nodulation and nitrogen fixation by red alder and Sitka alder on coal mine spoils

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 992-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Heilman ◽  
Gorden Ekuan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Fixed Nitrogen ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Mine Spoils ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
The Difference

Nodule number, nodule weight, and nitrogen fixation (nitrogenase activity by acetylene reduction) were determined for 3 years for red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) and Sitka alder (Alnussinuata Reg. Rydb.) on three types of coal spoils in western Washington. Generally, the two species were similar in number and weight of nodules and in nitrogen-fixation rates when measured in June (these rates varied from 23 to 27 µmol•g−1•h−1). The type of coal spoil material influenced nodule number but not nodule weight. Topsoil covered subsoil had the highest number of nodules. Trees on unweathered subsoil had the lowest number, particularly for Sitka alder. Nodule weight (dry, ash free) varied from 68 kg•ha−1 for 5-year-old Sitka alder interplanted in a 1:1 mix with Douglas-fir (1790 alders•ha−1) to 188–200 kg•ha−1 for pure stands of both alder species at age 5 (5380 trees•ha−1). The difference in nodule weight between species was not significant. Both species fixed nitrogen at similar rates although in the last year of measurement red alder trees fixed 37% more nitrogen than Sitka alder. This difference was not significant, however. Nitrogen fixation per unit area depended on tree age and spacing, varying from 17 kg•ha−1•year−1 at age 3 with 1830 alders•ha−1 to 150 kg•ha−1•year−1 by both species at age 5 and a density of 5380 trees•ha−1. Fixation rates increased from age 3 to 5 years primarily because of increased nodule weight. Nitrogen fixation by the Sitka alder in mixture with Douglas-fir was relatively high and was encouraging for the concept of mixed plantings of these two species. However, response of Douglas-fir to mixed planting with Sitka alder has not been demonstrated.

Populustrichocarpa × Populusdeltoides hybrids for short rotation culture: variation patterns and 4-year field performance

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 745-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard F. Stettler ◽  
Ruth C. Fenn ◽  
Paul E. Heilman ◽  
Brian J. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Hybrid Superiority ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Rotation Culture ◽  
Western Washington

Studies were conducted on the comparative growth and morphology of Populustrichocarpa (T), P. deltoides (D), F1 hybrids (T×D), F2 hybrids (TD × TD), and B1 hybrids (T × TD, TD × T) at one nursery and two plantation sites in western Washington and Oregon. First coppice resprouts in the nursery showed intermediacy of the F1 and F2 between parentals in four of five morphological leaf traits measured, and intermediacy of B1 values between F1 and T in three. Amounts of variation generally conformed to the model of F2 > B1 > F1. The percent significant trait correlations were 11.6 for the F1, 8.7 for the B1, and zero for the F2. No simply inherited traits were identified. Growth in the first and successive coppices in the nursery was significantly greater in the F1 than in the B1 and F2 generations. The same trend was observed in two field tests at Pack Forest, Washington and Westport, Oregon in which 691 and 381 clones from 60 and 42 families, respectively, gave a rank order in 4-year volume growth of F1 > B1 > T > F2 > D. Several F1 families and clones showed high rank consistency between years and locations. The results confirm earlier studies and are discussed in relation to the mechanisms that underlie T × D hybrid superiority.

High-temperature-adaptedAzospirillum brasilensestrains: growth and interaction response on associative nitrogen fixation, mineral uptake and yield of cheena (Panicum miliaceumL.) genotypes in calcareous soil

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rai
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Mineral Uptake ◽  
Associative Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin

SummaryHigh-temperature-adapted strains RAU 1, RAU 2 and RAU 3 ofAzospirillum brasilenseC 7 were isolated from stepwise transfer to higher temperature (30 to 42 °C). One of the strains (RAU 1) showed more growth, greater nitrogenase and hydrogenase activities at 30 and 42 °C than parental and other temperature-adapted strains. This strain also showed growth and more nitrogenase activity from pH 6·5 to 8·0. Strain RAU 1 showed cross-resistance to penicillin (300/µg/ml) but not to streptomycin, kanamycin, viomycin and polymixin B at 30 and 42 °C. It was demonstrated in field plots in calcareous soil that seed inoculation with RAU 1 enhanced mineral uptake of cheena. Inoculation with RAU 1 led to a significant increase in associative nitrogen fixation, dry weight of roots, grain and straw yield of cheena compared with the uninoculated control with or without applied N, but the effect of seed inoculation with high-temperature-adapted strains was variable with different genotypes of cheena.

Adaptive variation in growth, phenology, cold tolerance and nitrogen fixation of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.B. Porter ◽  
T. Lacourse ◽  
B.J. Hawkins ◽  
A. Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Adaptive Variation ◽  
Red Alder

Influence of actinomycetes on Frankia infection, nitrogenase activity and seedling growth of red alder

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1043-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nestor S. Rojas ◽  
David A. Perry ◽  
C.Y. Li ◽  
Jacob Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Red Alder
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