Olfactory and feeding preferences of Cryptorhynchus lapathi among hosts and nonhosts

2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Broberg ◽  
John H. Borden ◽  
Regine Gries
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Acer Macrophyllum ◽  
Frequent Attack

AbstractIn British Columbia, native willows (Salix spp.) (Salicaceae) and, to a lesser extent, black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) (Salicaceae) are frequently attacked by the poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) (Betulaceae), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh) (Aceraceae) are not attacked. We studied olfaction and feeding preferences in the laboratory and feeding, oviposition, and emergence in the field. Female C. lapathi preferred Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.) over all other species by olfaction, but males did not discriminate between Scouler's willow and black cottonwood or trembling aspen. All species elicited at least some attraction in no-choice situations. Willow was generally preferred for feeding, but black cottonwood and red alder were also acceptable, unlike trembling aspen or bigleaf maple. In field caging experiments, adult weevils emerged from willow, black cottonwood, and red alder. We conclude that olfaction and feeding preferences are sufficiently powerful to mediate the frequent attack observed on native willows, the intermediate levels of attack on cottonwood, and the absence of attack on red alder. Successful development on red alder suggests that C. lapathi could expand its host range to include this species.

Wind tunnel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for several hardwood species

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1238-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Vollsinger ◽  
Stephen J Mitchell ◽  
Kenneth E Byrne ◽  
Michael D Novak ◽  
Mark Rudnicki
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Frontal Area ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Drag Coefficients ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Paper Birch

Understanding tree susceptibility to wind damage is central to natural disturbance and succession studies. Susceptibility depends on the wind loads experienced by trees and their ability to resist these loads. In this study, we investigated the wind force or "drag" acting on the crowns of juvenile specimens of three hardwood species common to northwestern North America, black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray), red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.). Ten freshly cut crowns of each species were exposed to wind speeds from 4 to 20 m/s in a wind tunnel. At 20 m/s, streamlining reduced the frontal area to 28% of its initial value for black cottonwood, 37% for red alder, and 20% for paper birch. Crown drag coefficients calculated using frontal area in still air varied with wind speed. At 20 m/s they ranged from 0.15 to 0.22 for these species. Drag was proportional to the product of mass and wind speed, and to the product of wind speed squared and wind-speed-specific frontal area. Removing branches by whole-branch pruning had little effect on drag per unit branch mass. To further investigate the effect of leaf size, we also used smaller samples of bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Whole-crown drag coefficients did not vary systematically with leaf size, but drag per unit of crown mass increased with leaf size. Bigleaf maple had a higher drag per unit of crown mass than other species.

scholarly journals Bird Populations in a Black Cottonwood Community, Grand Teton National Park

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 43-45
Author(s):  
Kenneth Diem
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
National Park ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Predominantly Black ◽  
Grand Teton National Park ◽  
Bird Populations

Baseline information on the avifauna of the riparian communities in Grand Teton National Park is sparse. Consequently, the objective of this project is to collect information on the composition, density, distribution and habitat of the bird species inhabiting a portion of the black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa, community in Grand Teton National Park. The study was initiated in June 1980 on a portion of the western floodplain of Pilgrim Creek. The southeast conner of this 300m x 400m (12ha) plot is identified by a metal post. This post can be located on a bearing line of 4° E of N. 77 mm from the fiducial center of the infrared aerial photo N 31 (U.S. Bur. of Reclamation Series B/Rl7, 7-16-79). This floodplain community is predominantly black cotton wood with scattered trees of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides, engelman spruce, Picea engelmannii and lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta. In restricted moister areas several small patches of alder, Alnus incana occur under the larger trees and a few patches of willow, (Salix, sp.) are located in moist openings of the woodland.

Phytomass production in young mixed plantations of Alnus rubra (Bong.) and cottonwood in western Washington

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1007-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Heilman ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Mixed Plantations ◽  
Rotation Culture ◽  
Western Washington

Use of red alder in mixture with 28 clones of cottonwood in close spaced, short-rotation culture for fiber and energy was investigated. Early growth was rapid with red alder averaging 7.2 m and cottonwood mixed with alder averaging 8.2 m in height after 3 years. Alder significantly increased nitrogen content of cottonwood foliage in the 1st and 2nd years but not in the 3rd. Mean height of cottonwood at 3 years was increased in mixture with red alder. However, heights of the shortest cottonwood clones were reduced. Dry weight production on mixed plots (both species combined) was generally less than for pure cottonwood. Only with the slowest growing cottonwood clones did mixed stands show increased dry weight production. The best cottonwood clone, a hybrid (Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoides), produced 20.3 t∙ha−1∙year−1 dry weight for 3 years in pure stands compared with 2.8 t∙ha−1∙year−1 for the poorest. Production by alder was inversely related to cottonwood production in mixed plantings. Nodulation and C2H3 reduction was evaluated during the third growing season. Results indicated severe decline in nitrogenase activity where overtopping and shading of red alder by adjacent cottonwood occurred. At this site, the success of this mixture appears to depend upon use of cottonwood clones that do not outgrow the alder. Since the highest yielding cottonwood clones are much more productive at this site than the alder that we used, there would seem to be little incentive for mixed plantings of these species under the conditions of this experiment.

scholarly journals Bird Populations in a Black Cottonwood Community, Grand Teton National Park

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
Kenneth Diem
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
National Park ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Predominantly Black ◽  
Grand Teton National Park ◽  
Bird Populations

Baseline information on the avifauna of the riparian communities in Grand Teton National Park is sparse. Consequently, the objective of this project is to collect information on the composition, density, distribution and habitat of the bird species inhabiting a portion of the black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa, community in Grand Teton National Park. The study was initiated in June 1980 on a portion of the western floodplain of Pilgrim Creek. The southeast corner of this 300m x 400m (12ha) plot is identified by a metal post. This post can be located on a bearing line of 4° E of N. 77 mm from the fiducial center of the infrared aerial photo N 31 (U.S. Bur. of Reclamation Series B/R17, 7-16-79). This floodplain community is predominantly black cottonwood with scattered trees of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides, engelman spruce, Picea engelmannii and lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta. In restricted moister areas several small patches of alder, Alnus incana occur under the larger trees and a few patches of willow, (Salix, sp.) are located in moist openings of the woodland.

Cydia strobilella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): antennal and behavioral responses to host and nonhost volatiles

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bédard ◽  
R. Gries ◽  
G. Gries ◽  
R. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Acer Macrophyllum ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Electroantennographic Detection ◽  
Paper Birch

AbstractFemale spruce seed moths, Cydia strobilella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), oviposit on seed cones of most North American spruces (Picea spp.) (Pinaceae) at the time of pollination, and larvae feed on seeds in the maturing cones. We tested the hypothesis that host-seeking moths respond to volatiles from both host and nonhost trees. In coupled gas chromatographic – electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) analyses of extracts of spruce seed cone volatiles, > 17 compounds elicited antennal responses from male and female C. strobilella. A blend of seven compounds, including (−)-α-pinene and (−)-β-pinene, α-longipinene and α-humulene, Z3-hexenol, methyl eugenol, and cymen-8-ol, was more attractive to female C. strobilella in laboratory bioassay experiments than the complete seed cone volatile blend, containing these compounds at equivalent quantities and ratios. In GC–EAD analyses of volatile extracts from nonhost angiosperm trees, EAD-activity was associated with compounds present in (almost) every volatile source, including trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides (Michx.) (Salicaceae), paper birch, Betula papyrifera (Marsh.) (Betulaceae), black Cottonwood, Populus balsamifera trichocarpa (Torr. and Gray) (Salicaceae), and bigleaf maple, Acer macrophyllum (Pursh.) (Aceraceae). In a field experiment in the interior of British Columbia, the antennally active nonhost aldehydes, alcohols, and (±)-conophthorin all reduced captures of male C. strobilella in pheromone-baited traps. Collectively, our data suggest that host selection by C. strobilella is mediated, in part, by semiochemicals from both host and nonhost trees.

scholarly journals A peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway contributes to the formation of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles in poplar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie D Lackus ◽  
Axel Schmidt ◽  
Jonathan Gershenzon ◽  
Tobias G Köllner
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Oxidative Pathway

AbstractBenzenoids (C6–C1 aromatic compounds) play important roles in plant defense and are often produced upon herbivory. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) produces a variety of volatile and nonvolatile benzenoids involved in various defense responses. However, their biosynthesis in poplar is mainly unresolved. We showed feeding of the poplar leaf beetle (Chrysomela populi) on P. trichocarpa leaves led to increased emission of the benzenoid volatiles benzaldehyde, benzylalcohol, and benzyl benzoate. The accumulation of salicinoids, a group of nonvolatile phenolic defense glycosides composed in part of benzenoid units, was hardly affected by beetle herbivory. In planta labeling experiments revealed that volatile and nonvolatile poplar benzenoids are produced from cinnamic acid (C6–C3). The biosynthesis of C6–C1 aromatic compounds from cinnamic acid has been described in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers where the pathway includes a peroxisomal-localized chain shortening sequence, involving cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL), cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase (CHD), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis enabled the identification of small CNL, CHD, and KAT gene families in P. trichocarpa. Heterologous expression of the candidate genes in Escherichia coli and characterization of purified proteins in vitro revealed enzymatic activities similar to those described in petunia flowers. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the CNL subfamily in gray poplar (Populus x canescens) resulted in decreased emission of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles upon herbivory, while constitutively accumulating salicinoids were not affected. This indicates the peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway participates in the formation of volatile benzenoids. The chain shortening steps for salicinoids, however, likely employ an alternative pathway.

scholarly journals Using Discrete-Point LiDAR to Classify Tree Species in the Riparian Pacific Northwest, USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2647
Author(s):  
Julia Tatum ◽  
David Wallin
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Riparian Landscape ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Species Mapping

Practical methods for tree species identification are important for both land management and scientific inquiry. LiDAR has been widely used for species mapping due to its ability to characterize 3D structure, but in structurally complex Pacific Northwest forests, additional research is needed. To address this need and to determine the feasibility of species modeling in such forests, we compared six approaches using five algorithms available in R’s lidR package and Trimble’s eCognition software to determine which approach most consistently identified individual trees across a heterogenous riparian landscape. We then classified segments into Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa), and red alder (Alnus rubra). Classification accuracies based on the best-performing segmentation method were 91%, 92%, and 84%, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate tree species modeling from LiDAR in a natural Pacific Northwest forest, and the first to model Pacific Northwest species at the landscape scale. Our results suggest that LiDAR alone may provide enough information on tree species to be useful to land managers in limited applications, even under structurally challenging conditions. With slight changes to the modeling approach, even higher accuracies may be possible.

scholarly journals Ethylene enhances root water transport and aquaporin expression in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) exposed to root hypoxia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangfeng Tan ◽  
Mengmeng Liu ◽  
Ning Du ◽  
Janusz J. Zwiazek
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Root Hypoxia ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

Abstract Background Root hypoxia has detrimental effects on physiological processes and growth in most plants. The effects of hypoxia can be partly alleviated by ethylene. However, the tolerance mechanisms contributing to the ethylene-mediated hypoxia tolerance in plants remain poorly understood. Results In this study, we examined the effects of root hypoxia and exogenous ethylene treatments on leaf gas exchange, root hydraulic conductance, and the expression levels of several aquaporins of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein group (PIP) in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings. Ethylene enhanced net photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, and root hydraulic conductance in hypoxic plants. Of the two subgroups of PIPs (PIP1 and PIP2), the protein abundance of PIP2s and the transcript abundance of PIP2;4 and PIP2;5 were higher in ethylene-treated trembling aspen roots compared with non-treated roots under hypoxia. The increases in the expression levels of these aquaporins could potentially facilitate root water transport. The enhanced root water transport by ethylene was likely responsible for the increase in leaf gas exchange of the hypoxic plants. Conclusions Exogenous ethylene enhanced root water transport and the expression levels of PIP2;4 and PIP2;5 in hypoxic roots of trembling aspen. The results suggest that ethylene facilitates the aquaporin-mediated water transport in plants exposed to root hypoxia.

The bacteria in sapwood, wetwood, and heartwood of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Knutson
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Indigenous Bacteria ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Xylem Tissue

Bacteria (Erwinia, Bacillus) were consistently isolated from all samples of aspen sapwood and heartwood. In wetwood zones (water-soaked xylem tissue) or discolored heartwood, large populations often occur. No organisms unique to wetwood were isolated. Wetwood probably is formed by nonmicrobial means and, once formed, merely supports large populations of indigenous bacteria.

Adaptive variation in growth, phenology, cold tolerance and nitrogen fixation of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.B. Porter ◽  
T. Lacourse ◽  
B.J. Hawkins ◽  
A. Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Adaptive Variation ◽  
Red Alder
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