Inorganic salts and the growth of spiroplasmas

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 861-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Defined Medium ◽  
Optimal Concentration ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Spiroplasma Melliferum

A chemically defined medium (CC-494M) was used to study the effect of inorganic salts on the growth of three spiroplasmas representing three distinct serogroups: Spiroplasma melliferum (AS 576), Spiroplasma floricola (23–6), and SR 3 spiroplasma. KH2PO4 or NaH2PO4∙H2O was required. KH2PO4 supported faster growth and higher yield for spiroplasmas than NaH2PO4∙H2O. The optimal concentration of KH2PO4 for S. melliferum, S. floricola, and SR 3 spiroplasma was 0.5, 0.5, and 0.25 mM, respectively, whereas that of NaH2PO4∙H2O was 0.5, 0.05, and 2.5 mM. When supplemented with NaH2PO4∙H2O, KCl promoted growth comparable with that obtained from KH2PO4-supplemented medium and RbCl supported limited growth, whereas NaCl, LiCl, CsCl, CaCl2, and MgSO4∙7H2O were inhibitory. Spiroplasma growth decreased as the concentration of LiCl and CsCl increased. At 200 mM LiCl totally inhibited the growth of S. melliferum and SR 3 spiroplasma, whereas limited growth was obtained for S. floricola. CsCl at 150 mM totally inhibited the growth of S. floricola, while limited growth was observed for S. melliferum and SR 3 spiroplasma. RbCl supported limited growth when supplemented with NaH2PO4∙H2O, whereas it was inhibitory when added in KH2PO4-supplemented medium. All the 10 potassium salts (KCH2COOH, KBr, K2CO3, KHSO4, KCl, KOH, Kl, KNO3, KH2PO4, and K2HPO4) at concentrations of 20 mM promoted growth when supplemented with NaH2PO4∙H2O.

Growth of spiroplasmas in the presence of various nutrients and metabolic inhibitors

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Chang ◽  
Meredith G. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Sodium Cyanide ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Keto Acids ◽  
Glycolytic Intermediates ◽  
Spiroplasma Melliferum

Glycolytic intermediates replaced glucose as carbohydrate sources in a chemically defined medium CC-494N, whereas keto acids of citric acid cycle intermediates and glyoxylate were supplemented with 10 mM glucose. Glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, and pyruvate supported limited growth for Spiroplasma floricola (23-6), whereas only pyruvate supported SR 3 spiroplasma and Spiroplasma melliferum (AS 576). Oxalacetate and glyoxylate inhibited growth at 10 mM or greater. Hematin, 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium fluoride, and arsenite were dramatically inhibitory, whereas acetic anhydride, tricarballylate, acetylene dicarboxylate, and sodium cyanide were mildly inhibitory at 10 mM or lower. Malonate at 50 mM was not inhibitory.

scholarly journals Unique Host Iron Utilization Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori Revealed with Iron-Deficient Chemically Defined Media

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1841-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Senkovich ◽  
Shantelle Ceaser ◽  
David J. McGee ◽  
Traci L. Testerman
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Iron Deficient ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
H Pylori

ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori chronically infects the gastric mucosa, where it can be found free in mucus, attached to cells, and intracellularly. H. pylori requires iron for growth, but the sources of iron used in vivo are unclear. In previous studies, the inability to culture H. pylori without serum made it difficult to determine which host iron sources might be used by H. pylori. Using iron-deficient, chemically defined medium, we determined that H. pylori can bind and extract iron from hemoglobin, transferrin, and lactoferrin. H. pylori can use both bovine and human versions of both lactoferrin and transferrin, contrary to previous reports. Unlike other pathogens, H. pylori preferentially binds the iron-free forms of transferrin and lactoferrin, which limits its ability to extract iron from normal serum, which is not iron saturated. This novel strategy may have evolved to permit limited growth in host tissue during persistent colonization while excessive injury or iron depletion is prevented.

Growth of Legionella pneumophila in defined media: requirement for magnesium and potassium

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1055-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha J. Tesh ◽  
Richard D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Defined Media

The inorganic ions magnesium and potassium were required for optimal growth of Legionella pneumophila in a chemically defined medium composed of amino acids and inorganic salts. Optimum growth was obtained at concentrations of approximately 20 μg/mL (80 μM) MgSO4∙7H2O and 150 μg/mL (2 mM) KCl. Comparable results were obtained with all six serogroups of L. pneumophila as well as with both laboratory-adapted and animal-passed strains.

A CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIUM FOR HALOBACTERIUM SALINARIUM STRAIN 1

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Dundas ◽  
V. R. Srinivasan ◽  
H. Orin Halvorson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Halobacterium Salinarium ◽  
Complex Media ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine

A chemically defined medium has been composed for Halobacterium salinarium strain 1. The medium consists of inorganic salts, 10 amino acids (lysine, arginine, proline, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and glutamine) and cytidylic acid. The amino acids valine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine are found to be essential for growth in this medium. Growth rates in the synthetic medium are not as high as those obtained in complex media. The medium allows growth of several halophilic organisms.

A STUDY OF THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND TOXIN PRODUCTION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE F

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1009-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lillian V. Holdeman ◽  
Louis Ds. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid ◽  
Botulinum Type

Clostridium botulinum type F was grown in a chemically defined medium containing 17 amino acids, 11 vitamins, glucose, and inorganic salts. The nutritional requirements were determined using single-omission test media. Arginine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, biotin, thiamin, and possibly methionine were essential nutrients. Growth was stimulated by glycine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and para-aminobenzoic acid. Toxin was present in supernatant fluids from all synthetic medium cultures in which there was marked growth. In general, toxicity of synthetic medium cultures was about 1/10 that of complex medium cultures.Toxin and precursor appear to be formed intracellularly, for both were released by rupturing young cells with sonic vibration. Protoxin could be activated by treatment with trypsin.

Chemically-defined medium for growth and differentiation of mixed epithelial and connective tissues in organ culture

In Vitro ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele M. Hodges ◽  
Anthony H. Melcher
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Connective Tissues

Improved cryopreservation of domestic cat sperm in a chemically defined medium

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 2120-2128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Vick ◽  
H.L. Bateman ◽  
C.A. Lambo ◽  
W.F. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Defined Medium ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium

A chemically defined medium for rearingEpiphyas postvittana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pritam Singh
Keyword(s):  
Defined Medium ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium

scholarly journals The growth of Paracoccus halodenitrificans in a defined medium

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence I. Hochstein ◽  
Geraldine A. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Aerobic Growth ◽  
Methionine Biosynthesis ◽  
Dependent Pathway

A synthetic medium, consisting of inorganic salts and any of a number of carbon sources, supported the aerobic growth of Paracoccus halodenitrificans when supplemented with thiamine. The same medium plus an appropriate nitrogenous oxide supported anaerobic growth when additionally supplemented with methionine. The observation that vitamin B12 or betaine replaced methionine suggested that P. halodenitrificans had a defect in the cobalamin-dependent pathway for methionine biosynthesis, as well as the inability to synthesize betaine when growing anaerobically.

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