Root nodulation of Sesbania rostrata suppresses stem nodulation by Sinorhizobium teranga but not Azorhizobium caulinodans

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kodjo Tomekpe ◽  
Marcelle Holsters ◽  
Bernard Dreyfus
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Sesbania Rostrata ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Stem Nodulation ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans Ors571

Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 and Sinorhizobium teranga ORS51 and ORS52 are symbionts of the same host plant Sesbania rostrata. In nature, A. caulinodans nodulates more competitively the stem-located infection sites of Sesbania rostrata. Sinorhizobium strains, although frequently present in root nodules, are seldom found in stem nodules. One probable explanation for this phenomenon is the more abundant presence of Azorhizobium on the leaf and stem surfaces of the host plant. Work presented here hints at other plausible factors that determine the greater "stem specificity" of Azorhizobium. We found that under experimental conditions in which roots are not inoculated, all strains nodulated stems very well. However, ORS51 and ORS52 were much more sensitive than ORS571 to suppression of stem nodulation by previous root inoculation. The introduction of the regulatory nodD gene from A. caulinodans diminished the sensitivity to this suppression, probably by enhanced nod gene expression and subsequent Nod factor production. Our hypothesis is that the greater infectivity of ORS571 is due to a more efficient production of mitogenic Nod factors at stem-located infection sites, thereby more readily overcoming systemic suppression caused by previous root inoculations.Key words: autoregulation, nitrogen fixation, rhizobial ecology, systemic suppression of nodulation.

scholarly journals Rhizobial Factors Required for Stem Nodule Maturation and Maintenance in Sesbania rostrata-Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 Symbiosis

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (20) ◽  
pp. 6650-6659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shino Suzuki ◽  
Toshihiro Aono ◽  
Kyung-Bum Lee ◽  
Tadahiro Suzuki ◽  
Chi-Te Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Sesbania Rostrata ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Repeated Observations ◽  
Stem Nodule ◽  
Tropical Legume ◽  
Fixation Activity ◽  
Stem Nodulation ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans Ors571

ABSTRACT The molecular and physiological mechanisms behind the maturation and maintenance of N2-fixing nodules during development of symbiosis between rhizobia and legumes still remain unclear, although the early events of symbiosis are relatively well understood. Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 is a microsymbiont of the tropical legume Sesbania rostrata, forming N2-fixing nodules not only on the roots but also on the stems. In this study, 10,080 transposon-inserted mutants of A. caulinodans ORS571 were individually inoculated onto the stems of S. rostrata, and those mutants that induced ineffective stem nodules, as displayed by halted development at various stages, were selected. From repeated observations on stem nodulation, 108 Tn5 mutants were selected and categorized into seven nodulation types based on size and N2 fixation activity. Tn5 insertions of some mutants were found in the well-known nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and symbiosis-related genes, such as nod, nif, and fix, respectively, lipopolysaccharide synthesis-related genes, C4 metabolism-related genes, and so on. However, other genes have not been reported to have roles in legume-rhizobium symbiosis. The list of newly identified symbiosis-related genes will present clues to aid in understanding the maturation and maintenance mechanisms of nodules.

scholarly journals Nod Factors of Azorhizobium caulinodans Strain ORS571 Can Be Glycosylated with an Arabinosyl Group, a Fucosyl Group, or Both

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mergaert ◽  
Myriam Ferro ◽  
Wim D'Haeze ◽  
Marc Van Montagu ◽  
Marcelle Holsters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Sesbania Rostrata ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Nod Genes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Root Hair Formation ◽  
Hair Formation

In addition to the previously described arabinosylated Nod factors, Azorhizobium caulinodans can also produce fucosylated Nod factors and Nod factors that are both arabinosylated and fucosylated. The presence of a plasmid carrying extra copies of a subset of nod genes as well as bacterial growth conditions influence the relative proportion of carbamoylated, fucosylated, and arabinosylated Nod factors. By using a root hair formation assay, we demonstrate that the Nod factor glycosylations are important for biological activity on Sesbania rostrata roots.

scholarly journals Phaseolus vulgaris Recognizes Azorhizobium caulinodans Nod Factors with a Variety of Chemical Substituents

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 820-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Laeremans ◽  
C. Snoeck ◽  
J. Mariën ◽  
C. Verreth ◽  
E. Martínez-Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans ◽  
Rhizobium Tropici ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Mutant Strains

Phaseolus vulgaris is a promiscuous host plant that can be nodulated by many different rhizobia representing a wide spectrum of Nod factors. In this study, we introduced the Rhizobium tropici CFN299 Nod factor sulfation genes nodHPQ into Azorhizobium caulinodans. The A. caulinodans transconjugants produce Nod factors that are mostly if not all sulfated and often with an arabinosyl residue as the reducing end glycosylation. Using A. caulinodans mutant strains, affected in reducing end decorations, and their respective transconjugants in a bean nodulation assay, we demonstrated that bean nodule induction efficiency, in decreasing order, is modulated by the Nod factor reducing end decorations fucose, arabinose or sulfate, and hydrogen.

scholarly journals Glutaredoxins Play an Important Role in the Redox Homeostasis and Symbiotic Capacity of Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1381-1393
Author(s):  
Yajun Cao ◽  
Gaofei Jiang ◽  
Mingxu Li ◽  
Xingxing Fang ◽  
Dan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Redox State ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Sesbania Rostrata ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans ◽  
Cellular Redox ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans Ors571

Glutaredoxin (GRX) plays an essential role in the control of the cellular redox state and related pathways in many organisms. There is limited information on GRXs from the model nitrogen (N2)-fixing bacterium Azorhizobium caulinodans. In the present work, we identified and performed functional analyses of monothiol and dithiol GRXs in A. caulinodans in the free-living state and during symbiosis with Sesbania rostrata. Our data show that monothiol GRXs may be very important for bacterial growth under normal conditions and in response to oxidative stress due to imbalance of the redox state in grx mutants of A. caulinodans. Functional redundancies were also observed within monothiol and dithiol GRXs in terms of different physiological functions. The changes in catalase activity and iron content in grx mutants were assumed to favor the maintenance of bacterial resistance against oxidants, nodulation, and N2 fixation efficiency in this bacterium. Furthermore, the monothiol GRX12 and dithiol GRX34 play a collective role in symbiotic associations between A. caulinodans and Sesbania rostrata. Our study provided systematic evidence that further investigations are required to understand the importance of glutaredoxins in A. caulinodans and other rhizobia.

scholarly journals Biological activity of Nod factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Kidaj ◽  
Mikolaj Krysa ◽  
Katarzyna Susniak ◽  
Joanna Matys ◽  
Iwona Komaniecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Root Hair Deformation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Genes Encoding

Chemically, the Nod factors (NFs) are lipochitooligosaccharides, produced mainly by bacteria of the Rhizobium genus. They are the main signaling molecules involved in the initiation of symbiosis between rhizobia and legume plants. Nod factors affect plant tissues at very low concentrations, even as low as 10–12 mol/L. They induce root hair deformation, cortical cell division, and root nodules’ formation in the host plant. At the molecular level, the cytoskeleton is reorganized and expression of genes encoding proteins called nodulins is induced in response to Nod factors in the cell. Action of Nod factors is highly specific because it depends on the structure of a particular Nod factor involved, as well as the plant receptor reacting with it.

scholarly journals A plant chitinase controls cortical infection thread progression and nitrogen-fixing symbiosis

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Malolepszy ◽  
Simon Kelly ◽  
Kasper Kildegaard Sørensen ◽  
Euan Kevin James ◽  
Christina Kalisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodules ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Bacterial Mutants ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Morphogens provide positional information and their concentration is key to the organized development of multicellular organisms. Nitrogen-fixing root nodules are unique organs induced by Nod factor-producing bacteria. Localized production of Nod factors establishes a developmental field within the root where plant cells are reprogrammed to form infection threads and primordia. We found that regulation of Nod factor levels by Lotus japonicus is required for the formation of nitrogen-fixing organs, determining the fate of this induced developmental program. Our analysis of plant and bacterial mutants shows that a host chitinase modulates Nod factor levels possibly in a structure-dependent manner. In Lotus, this is required for maintaining Nod factor signalling in parallel with the elongation of infection threads within the nodule cortex, while root hair infection and primordia formation are not influenced. Our study shows that infected nodules require balanced levels of Nod factors for completing their transition to functional, nitrogen-fixing organs.

scholarly journals Rhizobium-Induced Calcium Spiking in Lotus japonicus

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne M. Harris ◽  
Rebecca Wais ◽  
Sharon R. Long
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Cytoplasmic Calcium ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Developmental Pathway ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Calcium Spiking ◽  
General Component

Legumes and rhizobium bacteria form a symbiosis that results in the development of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the root of the host plant. The earliest plant developmental changes are triggered by bacterially produced nodulation (Nod) factors. Within minutes of exposure to Nod factors, sharp oscillations in cytoplasmic calcium levels (calcium spiking) occur in epidermal cells of several closely related legumes. We found that Lotus japonicus, a legume that follows an alternate developmental pathway, responds to both its bacterial partner and to the purified bacterial signal with calcium spiking. Thus, calcium spiking is not restricted to a particular pathway of nodule development and may be a general component of the response of host legumes to their bacterial partner. Using Nod factor-induced calcium spiking as a tool to identify mutants blocked early in the response to Nod factor, we show that the L. japonicus Ljsym22-1 mutant but not the Ljsym30 mutant fails to respond to Nod factor with calcium spiking.

The pleiotropic effects of extract containing rhizobial Nod factors on pea growth and yield

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Podleśny ◽  
Jerzy Wielbo ◽  
Anna Podleśna ◽  
Dominika Kidaj
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Beneficial Effects

AbstractRhizobial lipochitooligosacharides (Nod factors) influence the development of legume roots, including growth stimulation, nodule induction and root hair curling. However, their effect on the green parts of plants is less known, therefore we evaluated seed and foliar application of an extract containing Nod factors on pea growth and yield. Pea plants were examined from emergence to full maturity, including growth dynamics and morphological (nodule number and weight, the quantity and surface area of leaves) or physiological (photosynthesis and transpiration intensity, chlorophyll and nitrogen content) parameters. The foliar application Nod factor extract, or seed dressing followed by foliar application, resulted in the best outcomes. The number and weight of root nodules, the chlorophyll content in leaves, and the intensity of net photosynthesis were all elevated. As a consequence of Nod factor treatment, the dynamics of dry mass accumulation of pea organs were improved and the pod number was increased. A significant increase in pea yield was observed after Nod factor application. Increase of nodule and pod numbers and improved growth of roots appear to be amongst the beneficial effects of Nod factor extract on the activation of secondary plant meristems.

scholarly journals A Dual Role of Amino Acids from Sesbania rostrata Seed Exudates in the Chemotaxis Response of Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1134-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolin Liu ◽  
Zhihong Xie ◽  
Yixuan Wang ◽  
Yu Sun ◽  
Xiaoxiao Dang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Chemotactic Response ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Sesbania Rostrata ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Chemotaxis Proteins ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans Ors571

Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 can induce nodule formation on the roots and the stems of its host legume, Sesbania rostrata. Plant exudates are essential in the dialogue between microbes and their host plant and, in particular, amino acids can play an important role in the chemotactic response of bacteria. Histidine, arginine, and aspartate, which are the three most abundant amino acids present in S. rostrata seed exudates, behave as chemoattractants toward A. caulinodans. A position-specific-iterated BLAST analysis of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) (chemoreceptors) in the genome of A. caulinodans was performed. Among the 43 MCP homologs, two MCPs harboring a dCache domain were selected as possible cognate amino acid MCPs. After analysis of relative gene expression levels and construction of a gene-deleted mutant strain, one of them, AZC_0821 designed as TlpH, was confirmed to be responsible for the chemotactic response to the three amino acids. In addition, it was found that these three amino acids can also influence chemotaxis of A. caulinodans independently of the chemosensory receptors, by being involved in the increase of the expression level of several che and fla genes involved in the chemotaxis pathway and flagella synthesis. Thus, the contribution of amino acids present in seed exudates is directly related to the role as chemoattractants and indirectly related to the role in the regulation of expression of key genes involved in chemotaxis and motility. This “dual role” is likely to influence the formation of biofilms by A. caulinodans and the host root colonization properties of this bacterium.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document