THE EFFECT OF CHLORPROMAZINE GIVEN WITH REINFUSION ON THE MORTALITY RATE FROM STANDARDIZED HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE RAT

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Carruthers ◽  
C. W. Gowdey
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Average Survival Time ◽  
Anesthetized Rats ◽  
Average Survival

Anesthetized rats were subjected to a standardized hemorrhagic shock procedure; one group (20 animals) served as controls and another group (eight animals) was injected with chlorpromazine. The treated animals died very quickly: only one survived more than 12 hr. and none 48 hr.; the average survival time of 18 control fatalities was 14.0 hr., and two lived. Of the various cardiovascular and respiratory indices measured, only the post-reinfusion arterial pressure was different in the treated from that in the control group. Differences between the control groups in this and in an earlier series (Downie and Stevenson (1955)) can probably be accounted for by differences in the temperature of the laboratory.

THE EFFECT OF CHLORPROMAZINE GIVEN WITH REINFUSION ON THE MORTALITY RATE FROM STANDARDIZED HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE RAT

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
G. F. Carruthers ◽  
C. W. Gowdey
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Average Survival Time ◽  
Anesthetized Rats ◽  
Average Survival

Anesthetized rats were subjected to a standardized hemorrhagic shock procedure; one group (20 animals) served as controls and another group (eight animals) was injected with chlorpromazine. The treated animals died very quickly: only one survived more than 12 hr. and none 48 hr.; the average survival time of 18 control fatalities was 14.0 hr., and two lived. Of the various cardiovascular and respiratory indices measured, only the post-reinfusion arterial pressure was different in the treated from that in the control group. Differences between the control groups in this and in an earlier series (Downie and Stevenson (1955)) can probably be accounted for by differences in the temperature of the laboratory.

A Maximum Entropy Estimator for the Average Survival Time Differences between Two Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Marian Manciu ◽  
Sorour Hosseini ◽  
Joscelyne Guzman-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Time Difference ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Average Survival Time ◽  
Sample Number ◽  
Time To Event Data ◽  
Entropy Estimator ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
The Difference

Background: Statistical methods commonly used in survival analysis typically provide the probability that the difference between groups is due to chance, but do not offer a reliable estimate of the average survival time difference between groups (the difference between median survival time is usually reported). Objective: We suggest a Maximum-Entropy estimator for the average Survival Time Difference (MESTD) between groups. Methods: The estimator is based on the extra survival time, which should be added to each member of the group, to produce the maximum entropy of the result (resulting in the groups becoming most similar). The estimator is calculated only from time to event data, does not necessarily assume hazard proportionality and provides the magnitude of the clinical differences between the groups. Results: Monte Carlo simulations show that, even at low sample numbers (much lower than the ones needed to prove that the two groups are statistically different), the MESTD estimator is a reliable predictor of the clinical differences between the groups, and therefore can be used to estimate from (low sample numbers) preliminary data whether or not the large sample number experiment is worth pursuing. Conclusion: By providing a reasonable estimate for the efficacy of a treatment (e.g., for cancer) even for low sample data, it might provide useful insight in testing new methods for treatment (for example, for quick testing of multiple combinations of cancer drugs).

scholarly journals Toxicity of Insecticide-Contaminated Soil Used in the Treatment of Cotton Seeds to Bees

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen P. de Souza ◽  
Paulo E. Degrande ◽  
Rosalia Azambuja ◽  
Rafael A. da Silva ◽  
Valter V. Alves Junior
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Soil Dust ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Toxicity Assay ◽  
Chemical Residues ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Cotton Seeds ◽  
And Control

Insecticide-treated cotton seeds can pose risks to Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 populations during crop establishment if chemical residues reach these insects near agricultural fields via dust drift produced during planting. However, the treatment of seeds with insecticides is essential to protect cotton plants from damage caused by pests, including thrips and aphids. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects (acute toxicity) of soil dust from cotton fields planted with insecticide-treated seeds on A. mellifera adults using a toxicity assay developed in the laboratory. Forager honeybees were maintained in 700-ml plastic cages with 7 g of surface soil where insecticide-treated cotton seeds were sown (270 g a.i. clothianidin, 270 g a.i. imidacloprid, 210 g a.i. thiamethoxam, and 75 g a.i. fipronil/100 kg of seeds, and an untreated group). Ten bees were placed in each cage. The experimental design was randomized, with five treatments and twelve replicates. The mortality rate was evaluated during the entire assay. Data were transformed to x + 0.5  and compared with a regression analysis and contrast test. The linear regression model revealed a significant relationship between bee mortality and exposure time. The mortality rate gradually increased as time progressed in all treatments and the control group. The contrast test did not reveal significant differences between the insecticide and control groups. Thus, residues of the products tested, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, and fipronil, did not influence the mortality of A. mellifera adults as a result of exposure to soil contaminated with insecticide-treated seeds.

scholarly journals The significance of polymorphisms of gene coagulation factors VII and XIII in the pathogenesis of non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
M.A. Panin ◽  
◽  
N.V Zagorodnii ◽  
A.V. Boiko ◽  
L.M. Samokhodskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Aseptic Necrosis ◽  
And Control

Introduction Non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is a poly-etiologic and socially significant disease in the age of 20 to 50 years and is associated with disability. Research on the identification of necrosis causes/predictors is a relevant issue. Purpose To study the contribution of polymorphisms in the genes of coagulation factors F7 and F13 in the aetiology of non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Methods Polymorphisms of the genes of coagulation factors F7 and F13 were studied; comparative analysis of the frequency of important allelic variants of F7genes (Arg353Gln) and F13 (Val134Leu) in patients with a verified diagnosis of aseptic necrosis (study group) and in healthy patients (control group) was performed. The study group included 41 patients (all males) with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head of unknown etiology. Results The frequency of gene alleles in the F7 Arg353Gln in the study group were: GG in 30 out of 41 patients (73.2 %), GA in 11 out of 41 patients (26.8 %), and none of 41 patients had a polymorphic variant AA. The frequency of alleles of this type of gene in the control group was as follows: GG in 7 out of 320 subjects (2.2 %), GA in 66 out of 320 patients (20.6 %), AA in 247 out of 320 (77.2 %). Significant differences were identified in the frequencies of homozygous genotypes, AA (χ2 = 100.215, p < 0.001) and GG (χ2 = 205.770, p < 0.001) in the study and control groups respectively. As for the heterozygous GA genotype, the differences were not significant (χ2 = 0.834, p = 0.362). The GG genotype of the gene Val134Leu F13 WAS 2.8 times more frequent in patients of the study group, differences were statistically significant (26.8 % against 9.7 %, χ2 = 10.388; p = 0.002). The presence of the TT genotype of the gene Val134Leu F13 was almost five times more frequent (χ2 = 18.956, p < 0.001) in healthy individuals (control group). Differences in the frequency of allele T in homo/ and heterozygous combinations (TT and GT) in the study and control groups was also significant (72.7 % vs 90.1 %, respectively, χ2 = 4.946, p = 0.027). Discussion Polymorphisms of coagulation factors genes F7 and F13 have a significant effect on the genesis of non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Risk factor of ANFH development is homozygous GG genotype in the gene Arg353Gln F7. Low probability of the disease is due to a protective role of AA genotype of the gene Arg353Gln F7 and TT genotype of the gene Val134Leu F13.

Effects of feeding frequency on life processes of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer in laboratory culture

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. H. Bé ◽  
D. A. Caron ◽  
O. R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Planktonic Foraminifer ◽  
Shell Size ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Feeding Regimes

Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady), a common planktonic foraminifer collected by SCUBA off Barbados, was maintained under six feeding regimes at constant light and temperature conditions. Five groups of 63 specimens each were fed 1-day-old Anemia at the rate of one nauplius per specimen every 1, 2, 3, 4 or 7 days. A starved control group received no Anemia. The rate of chamber formation and shell size increased proportional to the feeding frequency. However, an inverse correlation existed between survival time and feeding frequency. Normally, survival time ends with gametogenesis which terminates the life of the mother cell. Organisms fed more frequently reached maturity and underwent gametogenesis more rapidly than those fed less frequently. The average survival time of G. sacculifer in culture ranged from 7 days for the daily-fed group to 11 days for the group fed every 7 days. While the latter grew more slowly they eventually reached maturity. Starved individuals rarely formed chambers and often died without undergoing gametogenesis. Symbiotic zooxanthellae presumably prolonged survival of starved organisms. Extrapolation of survival data suggests G. sacculifer has a variable life span of 2 to 4 weeks depending on food availability.

Chick survival in the megapode Alectura lathami (Australian brush-turkey)

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Göth ◽  
Uwe Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Chick Survival ◽  
Average Survival Time ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Introduced Predators ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Alectura Lathami ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Megapode chicks live independently from the time of hatching and are thus ideal subjects for investigations into how the lack of parental care can affect chick survival. Here, we present such results for chicks of the Australian brush-turkey (Alectura lathami), radio-tracked in two smallremnant rainforest patches (Mary Cairncross Rainforest Park and Aplin Forest) from their second day of life. Mortality was 88–100% during the first three weeks after hatching. It did not differ between two breeding seasons at Mary Cairncross Rainforest Park, as evident from comparisons of average survival time (in days) and Kaplan–Meier survival estimates. Survival differed, though, between the two sites in the same breeding season: the average survival time was significantly higher at Aplin Forest (8 days compared with 3�days) and the Kaplan–Meier survival estimates decreased less sharply. Predation by cats and birds of prey exerted the greatest influence on survival, but the proportion of deaths caused by these two predators was approximately the same at both sites. The main factor affecting survival was obviously the availability of thickets, which were more abundant at Aplin Forest. The survival rates of chicks released in thickets was significantly higher than of those released in the rainforest, presumably because they were better protected from predators. For chicks living in thickets the likelihood of being killed was lower than expected, but it was higher for those remaining in rainforest. On the basis of these results, we propose that management plans for endangered megapodes should include the identification and protection of large protective thicket habitats for enhancing overall chick survival, apart from controlling introduced predators such as feral cats.

Adventure Camp Programs, Self-Concept, and Their Effects on Behavioral Problem Adolescents

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Behavioral Problem ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Level Analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an adventure camp program on the self-concept of adolescents with behavioral problems. Subjects in the study included 61 randomly selected male and female adolescents ranging in age from 9 to 17 years with behavioral problems. The treatment group of 31 adolescents was randomly selected from a population (N = 85) of behavioral problem adolescents who voluntarily attended an adventure camp. The control group of 30 adolescents was randomly selected from a population (N = 80) that underwent treatment for behavioral problems. Analysis of variance was utilized to determine if significant differences existed between the treatment and control groups. The paired t test was utilized to determine within group differences between pretest and posttest scores on both groups. Alpha for both tests was set at the .05 level. Analysis demonstrated a significant difference between the experimental and control 9- to 11-year-old age group's self-concept.

scholarly journals Significance of serum tumor markers monitoring in carcinomas of unknown primary site

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 723-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivica Pejcic ◽  
Svetislav Vrbic ◽  
Sladjana Filipovic ◽  
Mirjana Scekic ◽  
Ivan Petkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Tumor Markers ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Ca 125 ◽  
Unknown Primary ◽  
Unknown Primary Site ◽  
Average Survival Time ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Serum Tumor Markers ◽  
Average Survival

Background/Aim. Unknown primary tumors represent a heterogeneous group of malignancies that are indicative of ominous prognosis. Cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) is defined as the lack of any detectable primary site after full evaluation, and accounts for approximately 3-5% of all newly diagnosed patients with malignancies. The aim of this report was to present the prognostic and predictive value of 8 serum tumor markers in this group of patients. Methods. The study involved 63 patients. On histological examination, all the patients were presented with metastatic tumors whose primary site (origin) could not be detected with noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Following the routine light microscopy, all histological findings were classified into one of the following three groups: plano-cellular carcinoma - 8 patients; adenocarcinoma - 33 patients; unclassifiable (undifferentiated) carcinoma - 22 patients. In all the cases we evaluated 8 serum tumor markers: alpha-fetoproteins (AFP), chronic gonadotrophin beta submit, human (beta-HCG), neuron specific enolase (NSE), marker of malignant ovarian tumors (CA 125), prostate-specific antigene (PSA), marker of malignant brest tumor (CA 15-3), marker of malignant pancreas tumor and gastrointestinal tumor (Ca 19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) at the time of diagnosis. The patients on chemotherapy had the markers determined after the third and sixth chemocycle, i.e. at the time of illness progression observation, if present. The patients responding to chemotherapy with complete response (CR), partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) had the markers determined after three-month periods until the time of relapse or progression. Chemotherapy was applied in 32 patients (20 females and 12 males), aged 29-70 years, who met the inclusion criteria. The following chemotherapy regimen was used: doxorubicin 50mg/m2 (day 1), cisplatin 60mg/m2 (day 1), and etoposide 120 mg/m2 (days 1-3). The period between two chemotherapy cycles was three weeks, and maximum five weeks in the case of prolonged hematological toxicity. Results. Most commonly elevated were NSE values (82.54%), while AFP values were least commonly elevated (11.11%). Average survival time was 17.89 months (95%CI 12.96; 22.83). The probability of 24 months' survival was 0.228. The group of 32 patients treated with chemotherapy had 12 (37.5%) fatal outcomes in the observed period (72 months). Average survival time was 26.6 months (95% CI 19.5; 33.7). Average tumor marker values before and after the chemotherapy were significantly lower for NSE and CA 125. Survival was significantly better in cases of NSE and CA 125 decrease of more than 20%. Conclusion. Increased values of serum tumor markers are very often in CUP. The tumors show nonspecific overexpression of tumor markers. The NSE and CA 125 levels show good correlation with response to the given chemotherapy. However, a routine evaluation of commonly used serum tumor markers has not been proven of any prognostic and predictive assistance.

scholarly journals THE ACCUMULATION OF IRON IN TUBERCULOUS AREAS

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valy Menkin
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Average Survival Time ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Repeated intravenous injections of ferric chloride are followed by an increase in the survival time of tuberculous rabbits. In the particular series of experiments reported this increase amounts to about 78 per cent over the average survival time of control rabbits. Tuberculous animals repeatedly injected with ferric chloride increase in weight during part of the period of these injections. The level reached in the series studied markedly exceeds that attained by control rabbits. Both control and experimental animals die of generalized tuberculosis. There is no indication at the time of death of any differences in the degree of pathological involvement between the two groups of animals.

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