EFFECTS OF CALCIUM ON THE POTASSIUM AND SODIUM CONTENT OF RAT ADRENAL GLANDS, ON THE STIMULATION OF STEROID PRODUCTION BY ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE, AND ON THE RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL TO SHORT CONTACT WITH ACTH

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1077-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion K. Birmingham ◽  
Erika Kurlents ◽  
R. Lane ◽  
B. Muhlstock ◽  
H. Traikov
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Steroid Production ◽  
Short Contact ◽  
Calcium Addition ◽  
Adrenal Tissue ◽  
Stimulation Of

The potassium content of incubated rat adrenal tissue is significantly higher when calcium is present in the incubation medium than when it is absent. The effect of calcium on the sodium content of the adrenal depends upon the presence of ACTH; increased values are obtained with calcium in the presence of ACTH, decreased values in its absence. There is no correlation between the potassium or sodium content of the tissue and its ability to respond to ACTH. Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate triples the steroid output of incubated adrenal glands in the absence of both glucose and calcium. Addition of calcium further doubles this response while glucose has only a small effect. The stimulation of steroid production following short contact with ACTH does not depend upon the presence of calcium or glucose in the medium during the time the glands are exposed to the hormone. The results suggest that some step between contact of the tissue with ACTH and the elaboration of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate requires the presence of glucose and not necessarily calcium and that a reaction in the sequence between elaboration of the nucleotide and steroid production requires the presence of calcium, but not of glucose.

EFFECTS OF CALCIUM ON THE POTASSIUM AND SODIUM CONTENT OF RAT ADRENAL GLANDS, ON THE STIMULATION OF STEROID PRODUCTION BY ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE, AND ON THE RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL TO SHORT CONTACT WITH ACTH

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1077-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion K. Birmingham ◽  
Erika Kurlents ◽  
R. Lane ◽  
B. Muhlstock ◽  
H. Traikov
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Steroid Production ◽  
Short Contact ◽  
Calcium Addition ◽  
Adrenal Tissue ◽  
Stimulation Of

The potassium content of incubated rat adrenal tissue is significantly higher when calcium is present in the incubation medium than when it is absent. The effect of calcium on the sodium content of the adrenal depends upon the presence of ACTH; increased values are obtained with calcium in the presence of ACTH, decreased values in its absence. There is no correlation between the potassium or sodium content of the tissue and its ability to respond to ACTH. Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate triples the steroid output of incubated adrenal glands in the absence of both glucose and calcium. Addition of calcium further doubles this response while glucose has only a small effect. The stimulation of steroid production following short contact with ACTH does not depend upon the presence of calcium or glucose in the medium during the time the glands are exposed to the hormone. The results suggest that some step between contact of the tissue with ACTH and the elaboration of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate requires the presence of glucose and not necessarily calcium and that a reaction in the sequence between elaboration of the nucleotide and steroid production requires the presence of calcium, but not of glucose.

Formation of releasable γ-aminobutyrate from putrescine by rat adrenal slices in vitro

1989 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Oon ◽  
P. R. Scraggs ◽  
B. Gillham
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Diamine Oxidase ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Metabolic Transformation ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Rat adrenal gland slices, when incubated in vitro with [1,4-14C]putrescine, accumulate the radioactive diamine and convert it, in part, to a compound indistinguishable (in four separative systems) from [14C]γ-aminobutyrate (GABA). Adrenal glands taken from animals that had undergone adrenal enucleation 28 days previously, so that the cortex of the tissue had regenerated, likewise formed [14C]GABA from [1,4-14C]putrescine. Putrescine-derived GABA was released from adrenal slices in vitro by 48 mmol K+/l, the release being dependent upon the presence of Ca2+ in the incubation medium. ACTH(1–24) and 8-bromocyclic AMP both provoked a dose-related release of putrescine-derived GABA, although the dose–response curve for the latter differed somewhat from that for the release of corticosterone by this secretogogue. The enzyme believed to be responsible for the first step in the metabolic transformation of putrescine into GABA, diamine oxidase (DAO), is present in extracts of adrenal tissue and its catalytic activity underwent a transient increase followed by a fall below resting levels upon stimulation of adrenal slices with ACTH(1–24). The conclusion that this enzyme initiates the formation of GABA by this pathway is indicated by the observation that adrenal slices pretreated with the DAO inhibitor, aminoguanidine, released significantly less [1,4-14C]putrescine-derived GABA in response to 48 mmol K+/l than did control tissues. The functional significance of these findings remains to be established. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 123, 227–232

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STEROID PRODUCTION FROM ENDOGENOUS PRECURSORS AND FROM ADDED RADIOACTIVE PRECURSORS BY RAT ADRENAL TISSUE IN VITRO. THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPHIN

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Vinson ◽  
B. J. Whitehouse
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Measurement ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Steroid Production ◽  
Adrenal Tissue ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Isotope Content

ABSTRACT A method is described for the simultaneous measurement of mass and isotope content of five corticosteroids elaborated during incubations of rat adrenal tissue with added radioactive precursors. The compounds investigated were deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, and aldosterone. Striking differences were observed between the incorporation of radioactive precursors and the tissues' endogenous precursors into these products. Steroid production from endogenous precursors and from radioactive precursors both showed wide variation, but there was no correlation between the two parameters. Furthermore, pituitary corticotrophin (ACTH) suppression, by prior in vivo administration of cortisol, specifically depressed the mass of subsequently formed corticosterone, while the incorporation of isotope into all the products was unaffected. Addition of ACTH (Synacthen®, Ciba) to the incubation medium partly restored the control condition. Experiments using adrenal capsule tissue and inner zone tissue alone showed that the production of deoxycorticosterone occurred throughout the cortex. The findings were interpreted as indicating that in rat adrenal in vitro incubations, exogenous and endogenous precursors by no means form a homogeneous pool. It is possible that conversion of radioactive precursors is governed only by the degree of penetration of the endogenous pool, whereas conversion of endogenous precursors may be affected by changes in hydroxylase activities, including those involved in the biosynthetic pathway after the point of pregnenolone formation.

BIOSYNTHESIS OF ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES BY ADRENAL GLANDS OF LIZARDS AND SNAKES

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. PHILLIPS ◽  
I. CHESTER JONES ◽  
D. BELLAMY
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Steroid Production ◽  
Adrenocortical Hormones ◽  
Natrix Natrix ◽  
Lacerta Viridis

SUMMARY Adrenal glands of lizards (Lacerta viridis L.) and snakes (Natrix natrix L.) were incubated in media containing tritiated progesterone. Aldosterone, corticosterone and an unknown steroid were produced. Added ACTH did not affect, though added amphenone markedly reduced, the rate of steroid production.

scholarly journals The use of electro-gustometry to assess the functional state of the adrenal glands

1981 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
E. S. Halfen ◽  
A. D. Tryapyshko
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Approximate Method ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Daily Excretion ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Comparison of electro-gustometry data and the results of blood glucose studies, sodium and potassium content in saliva and blood, daily excretion of 17-ketosteroids in healthy and sick patients showed that electro-gustometry can be used as a simple approximate method for detecting adrenal insufficiency.

scholarly journals MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS UNDER EXPERIMENTAL INTOXICATION WITH CYPERMETHRIN

2018 ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
E. A. Chigrinsky ◽  
V. D. Konvay ◽  
Yu. N. Fedorov ◽  
L. K. Gerunova ◽  
V. I. Gerunov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Acute Intoxication ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Chronic Intoxication ◽  
Adrenal Tissue ◽  
Morphological Criteria

The research objective was to evaluate the morphofunctional state of the adrenal glands in laboratory animals in conditions of acute and chronic intoxication with cypermethrin. Studies were performed on 140 male rats of the Wistar line. To simulate an acute intoxication cypermethrin was single injected into the stomach in a dose of half of LD50 followed by observation of the animals for 30 days. In the study of chronic intoxication cypermethrin was administered to rats in a dose of 1/100 of LD50. The experiment has lasted for 120 days.At the initial stage of the experiment the acute intoxication of rats with cypermethrin caused hyper- and then hyposecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. The content of progesterone in the blood serum and adrenal tissue decreased in animals. During the first three days after the poisoning there was an increase in the concentration of corticosterone in the blood serum. To the end of the 7th day the concentration of this hormone in adrenal tissue decreased sharply and did not reach the control background after a month. Chronic intoxication with cypermethrin caused hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone for two months with the subsequent normalization of its level in the blood. The disturbance of progesterone synthesis in the adrenal glands during chronic intoxication is indicated by fluctuation of its concentration in blood 30 days after the start of the experiment. There was found high level of corticosterone in blood and adrenal glands for two months, and then it decreased to a control level. Morphological criteria for amplification and then suppression of adrenal function are the dimension of endocrine cells and their nuclei, the intensity of cell vacuolation suggesting the degree of lipids accumulation, and the severity of blood filling in the vessels of the beam and reticular zones.

scholarly journals Sini Decoction Improves Adrenal Function and the Short-Term Outcome of Septic Rats through Downregulation of Adrenal Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Lai ◽  
Gengbiao Zhou ◽  
Shutao Mai ◽  
Xiaolian Qin ◽  
Wenting Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Adrenal Tissue ◽  
The Impact

Background. Sini Decoction (SND) is composed of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, having been used in China for centuries for collapsing phrase of disease. Studies reported that SND could alleviate inflammatory response, ameliorate microcirculatory disturbances, and improve shock reversal and adrenal gland glucocorticoid stress response during sepsis shock, yet the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is demonstrated to be crucially correlated with the corticosterone secretion and the impaired adrenal glucocorticoid responses in sepsis. Materials and Methods. SND at dose of 10 g/kg (in low-dose SND group, LD-SND) and 20 g/kg (in high-dose SND group, HD-SND) was administered to CLP rats. Four days later, overall survival rates of rats were calculated; rat serum and adrenal glands were collected. Basic serum corticosterone levels were determined, and the increase of corticosterone after 0.8 ug/kg ACTH injection was checked to detect the adrenocortical sensitivity to ACTH. The protein and mRNA expression of TLR4 in adrenal glands were measured to study the impact of SND on TLR4 expression. mRNA levels of IL-10 and TNF-a in adrenal glands and IL-10 and TNF-a levels in serum were also determined to study the cytokines profile. Results. SND improved the cumulative survival rate of CLP rats up to 4 days (P < 0.05 with HD-SND) and adrenocortical sensitivity to 0.8 ug/kg ACTH stimulation (P < 0.05 at 60 mins, 31.02 ± 19.23 ng/ml in LD-SND group and 32.18 ± 14.88 ng/ml in HD-SND group versus 5.03 ± 13.34 ng/ml in CLP group), with a significant decrease of protein (P < 0.05, 29.6% in LD-SND group and 27.8% in HD-SND group), mRNA expression of TLR4 (P < 0.05, 32.9% in LD-SND group and 36.1% in HD-SND group), mRNA expression of IL-10 (P < 0.05, 32.0% in LD-SND group and 29.6% in HD-SND group), TNF-a in adrenal glands (P < 0.05, 26.0% in LD-SND group and 25.3% in HD-SND group), and TNF-a level in serum (P < 0.05, 100.20 ± 19.41 pg/ml in LD-SND group and 92.40 ± 11.66 pg/ml in HD-SND group versus 134.40 ± 27.87 pg/ml in CLP group). Conclusion. SND increased overall survival rate within 4 days and attenuated adrenal insufficiency in septic rats by downregulating TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in adrenal tissue, inhibiting adrenal production of TNF-α and IL-10, and improving adrenal responsiveness. Our results suggest that SND is able to ameliorate adrenal stress responses in a local immune-adrenal crosstalk way involving downregulated expression of TLR4 in adrenal tissue. SND might be a promising treatment for adrenal insufficiency prevention in prolonged sepsis.

ADRENAL POTASSIUM AND SODIUM IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPER- AND HYPOALDOSTERONISM IN THE RAT. DETERMINATION BY ELECTRON PROBE X-RAY MICROANALYSIS

1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Sz. Szalay ◽  
Ernö Bácsy ◽  
Ervin Stark
Keyword(s):  
Electron Probe ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Aldosterone Secretion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intracellular Potassium

ABSTRACT Potassium and sodium contents in the various adrenal zones were determined in experimental hyper- and hypoaldosteronism in the rat by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The analysis aimed at revealing intracellular values. There was no change in the potassium content of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and medulla neither in hyperaldosteronism, induced by Na-deficiency, nor in hypoaldosteronism, elicited by Na-rich diet. The sodium content in the zona glomerulosa and zona fascicularis was increased in the Na-loaded rats, while that of the medulla was not changed. Our data are not consistent with the hypothesis that a change of adrenal intracellular potassium would act as a final stimulus in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.

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