FURTHER STUDIES ON THE BINDING OF γ-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID BY BRAIN

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1795-1807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Strasberg ◽  
K. A. C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Mitochondrial Fraction ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Ninhydrin Reaction ◽  
Gaba Content

Factors which can interfere with the paper chromatographic – ninhydrin method for determining γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are described. The GABA–ninhydrin reaction does not involve loss of CO2. GABA that is occluded in subcellular particles in plain sucrose homogenates of rat brain does not readily exchange with radioactive GABA in solution. The relevant particles are found mostly in the "mitochondrial fraction". These particles deteriorate with time and manipulations, and tend to lose much of their GABA content. The presence of sodium (but not of potassium, calcium, or magnesium) in the suspending medium allows considerably more GABA to be bound. The extra bound GABA is exchangeable with free labelled GABA. Sodium also promotes some exchange between free and occluded GABA. It is concluded from the present and previous results that in brain in vivo very little GABA exists in a freely diffusing situation. There are two forms of bound GABA. One of these is an occluded or storage form which does not readily exchange with free GABA though exchange is to some extent promoted by sodium ions. The other is a form which occurs only in the presence of sodium ion and is freely exchangeable with GABA in solution.

scholarly journals Effects of Red-Bean Tempeh with Various Strains of Rhizopus on GABA Content and Cortisol Level in Zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1330
Author(s):  
Yo-Chia Chen ◽  
Shu-Ling Hsieh ◽  
Chun-Yi Hu
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Cortisol Level ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Bioactive Component ◽  
Alternative Product ◽  
Gaba Content ◽  
Red Bean

Tempeh is traditionally produced by fermenting soybean with the fungus Rhizopus oligosporus found in banana leafs. We wanted to investigate if Taiwan’s flavorful red bean could be used as a healthy substitute for soybeans in tempeh. One bioactive component of tempeh is γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA). We measured GABA content and shelf-life-related antimicrobial activity in red-bean tempeh made with four strains of Rhizopus, one purchased strain of Rhizopus, and an experimental co-cultured group (Rhizopus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus BCRC16000) as well as cortisol in red-bean-tempeh-treated zebrafish. GABA was highest in the co-culture group (19.028 ± 1.831 g kg−1), followed by screened Strain 1, the purchased strain, and screened Strain 4. All strains had antibacterial activity on S. aureus and B. cereus. The extract significantly reduced cortisol in zebrafish. However, Strain 1, with less GABA than some of the other strains, had the best effect on cortisol level, suggesting that other components in red-bean tempeh may also affect stress-related cortisol. We found the benefits of red-bean tempeh to be similar to those reported for soybean-produced tempeh, suggesting that it could be produced as an alternative product. Considering the Taiwanese appreciation of the red-bean flavor, it might find a welcoming market.

scholarly journals Cation-Anion Balance during Potassium and Sodium Absorption by Barley Roots

1963 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Jackson ◽  
H. R. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Ion Absorption ◽  
Rate Limiting

Steady-state rates of potassium ion and sodium ion absorption by excised barley roots accompanied by various anions were compared with the rates of anion absorption and the concomitant H+ and base release by the roots. The cation absorption rates were found to be independent of the identities, concentrations, and rates of absorption of the anions of the external solution, including bicarbonate. Absorption of the anion of the salt plus bicarbonate could not account for the cation absorption. H+ is released during cation absorption and base during anion absorption. The magnitude by which one or the other predominates depends on the relative rates of anion and cation absorption under various conditions of pH, cation and anion concentration, and inhibitor concentrations. The conclusion is that potassium and sodium ions are absorbed independently of the anions of the absorption solution in exchange for H+, while anions are exchanged for a base. The H+ release reflects a specificity between K+ and Na+ absorption such that it appears to be H+ exchanged in the specific rate-limiting reactions of the cation absorption.

scholarly journals Short-chain fatty acid synthesis in brain. Subcellular localization and changes during development

1975 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
G L Reijnierse ◽  
H Veldstra ◽  
C J Van der Ber
Keyword(s):  
Subcellular Localization ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Fraction ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Acetyl Coa

Acetyl-CoA synthase (EC 6.2.1.1), Propionyl-CoA synthase (EC 6.2.1.-) and butyryl-CoA synthase (EC 6.2.1.2) were measured in subcellular fractions prepared by primary and density-gradient fractionation from adult rat brain by a method resulting in recoveries close to 100%. Most of the activity of the three enzymes was recovered in the crude mitochondrial fraction. On subfractionation of this crude mitochondrial fraction with continuous sucrose density gradients, most of the activity of the three enzymes was found at a higher density than NAD+-isocitrate dehydrogenase and at about the same density as glutamate dehydrogenase, confirming earlier reported data for acetyl-CoA synthase. The finding that propionyl-CoA synthase and butyryl-CoA synthase had about the same distribution in the gradients as acetyl-CoA synthase adds support to the hypothesis that mitochondria involved in the metabolism of these short-chain fatty acids (all three of which have been shown to result in a rapid and high labelling of glutamine in vivo) form a distinct subpopulation of the total mitochondrial population. The three synthase activities were found to differ from each other in their rate of change and their subcellular localization during rat brain development. This, in combination with the observation that in gradients of adult brain preparations the three activities did not completely overlap, suggests that the three synthase activities are not present in the same proportion to each other in the same subpopulation (s) of mitochondria in the brain.

Effect of sodium ions on conformations of the cytoplasmic loop of the PomA stator protein of Vibrio alginolyticus

2019 ◽  
Vol 166 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taira Mino ◽  
Tatsuro Nishikino ◽  
Hiroto Iwatsuki ◽  
Seiji Kojima ◽  
Michio Homma
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Change ◽  
Biological Membrane ◽  
Vibrio Alginolyticus ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Deletion Mutants ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Membrane Complex ◽  
Torque Generation ◽  
In Vivo Labelling

AbstractThe sodium driven flagellar stator of Vibrio alginolyticus is a hetero-hexamer membrane complex composed of PomA and PomB, and acts as a sodium ion channel. The conformational change in the cytoplasmic region of PomA for the flagellar torque generation, which interacts directly with a rotor protein, FliG, remains a mystery. In this study, we introduced cysteine mutations into cytoplasmic charged residues of PomA, which are highly conserved and interact with FliG, to detect the conformational change by the reactivity of biotin maleimide. In vivo labelling experiments of the PomA mutants revealed that the accessibility of biotin maleimide at position of E96 was reduced with sodium ions. Such a reduction was also seen in the D24N and the plug deletion mutants of PomB, and the phenomenon was independent in the presence of FliG. This sodium ions specific reduction was also detected in Escherichia coli that produced PomA and PomB from a plasmid, but not in the purified stator complex. These results demonstrated that sodium ions cause a conformational change around the E96 residue of loop2–3 in the biological membrane.

scholarly journals Resolution of Pump and Leak Components of Sodium and Potassium Ion Transport in Human Erythrocytes

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1201-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Post ◽  
C. D. Albright ◽  
K. Dayani
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycoside ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Passive Transport ◽  
Potassium Ion Transport ◽  
Pump Activity ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Further support for the pump-leak concept was obtained. Net transport was resolved into pump and leak components with the cardiac glycoside, ouabain. The specificity of ouabain as a pump inhibitor was demonstrated by its ineffectiveness when the pump was already inhibited by lack of one of the three pump substrates, sodium ion, potassium ion, or adenosine triphosphate. In the presence of ouabain the rates of passive transport of sodium and potassium ions changed almost in proportion to changes in their extracellular concentrations when one ion was exchanged for the other. In the presence of ouabain and at the extracellular concentrations which produced zero net transport, the ratio of potassium ions to sodium ions was 1.2-fold higher inside the cells than outside. This finding was attributed to a residual pump activity of less than 2% of capacity. The permeability to potassium ions was 10% greater than the permeability to sodium ions. A test was made of the independence of pump and leak. Conditions were chosen to change the rate through each pathway separately or in combination. When both pathways were active, net transport was the sum of the rates observed when each acted separately. A ratio of three sodium ions pumped outward per two potassium ions pumped inward was confirmed.

In vivo conversion of γ-aminobutyric acid and 1,4-butanediol to γ-hydroxybutyric acid in rat brain

1989 ◽  
Vol 38 (24) ◽  
pp. 4375-4380 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.Carter Snead ◽  
Raymond Furner ◽  
Chun Che Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid

scholarly journals Antioxidant Properties, γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Content, and Physicochemical Characteristics of Tomato Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1204
Author(s):  
Shimeles Tilahun ◽  
Han-Ryul Choi ◽  
Min-Woo Baek ◽  
Lee-Hee Cheol ◽  
Ki-Wung Kwak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gaba Content ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Β Carotene

Tomatoes are rich in secondary metabolites such as lycopene, β-carotene, phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamin C, which are responsible for their antioxidant activates. A high level of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a health-promoting functional compound, was also found to accumulate in tomato fruit. In addition to the internal quality attributes, the acceptance of the tomato fruit by consumers is highly dependent on appearance and taste. Hence, we conducted this study to evaluate ‘Tori’, ‘TY VIP’, ‘Mamirio’, and ‘Arya’ tomato cultivars based on their physicochemical characteristics, contents of secondary metabolites, and GABA content. The results have revealed that the tested cultivars were very firm, which renders them the best choice for postharvest distribution of fresh market tomatoes as they resist impacts during harvesting and postharvest operations. Based on total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and Brix acid ratio (BAR) the choice of cultivar could be ‘Mamirio’ > ’Tori’ > ‘TY VIP’ > ‘Arya’. Apart from flavor intensity, ‘Mamirio’ and ’Tori’ also revealed the highest content of ascorbic acid while ‘Mamirio’ and ‘Arya’ had the highest carotenoids (lycopene and β-carotene) accumulation. On the other hand, the highest total phenolics content was recorded from ‘TY VIP’ and ‘Arya’. Moreover, the highest total flavonoids and GABA contents were recorded from ‘TY VIP’. Nevertheless, the antioxidant activity of ‘TY VIP’ was the lowest of all tested cultivars while the highest was recorded from ‘Mamirio’. Taken together, the findings of the present study could suggest that the consumers’ requirements could be better fulfilled by choosing cultivars for the specific target functional compounds. From the tested cultivars, if the target is ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity then ‘Mamirio’ is the best choice. On the other hand, if the target is total phenolics, flavonoids, and GABA then ‘TY VIP’ is the best choice. One could also label ‘Mamirio’ as an ‘antioxidant tomato’ and ‘TY VIP’ as the ‘GABA tomato’.

scholarly journals Use of a Synaptosomal Model to Monitor Drug-Induced in vivo Changes in the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Content of Nerve Endings and its Relevance to Research on Antipsychotic Drugs

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-255
Author(s):  
J.D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Acid Content ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Gaba Content ◽  
Induced Changes

SUMMARY:The validity of a synaptosomal model to monitor drug-induced changes in the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of nerve endings is reviewed. Examples of data obtained using the model are presented and the possibility of using the model for research on antipsychotic drugs is discussed.

scholarly journals The biosynthesis of gangliosides. Labelling of rat brain gangliosides in vivo

1971 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 1131-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Maccioni ◽  
A. Arce ◽  
R. Caputto
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Brain Gangliosides ◽  
Ceramide Moiety

1. After injection of [6-3H]glucosamine into 8-day-old rats it was found that all the major brain gangliosides and their sialyl groups were labelled at essentially the same rate, except the hematoside, which was the least labelled. In 18-day-old rats it was found that the two major gangliosides with the sialyl (2→8)-sialyl linkage, and their sialyl groups were more labelled than the hematoside, the Tay–Sachs ganglioside, the other two major gangliosides and their respective sialyl groups. 2. No difference was found in any of the cases studied between the specific radioactivities of the neuraminidase-resistant and -labile sialyl groups belonging to the same ganglioside. The same was found for the specific radioactivities of the galactosyl groups proximal and distal to the ceramide moiety of total brain gangliosides from rats injected with [U-14C]glucose. From this it was concluded that partial turnover of the ganglioside molecule does not occur. 3. A model for the synthesis of gangliosides is presented that accounts for results from previous experiments in vitro and the lack of precursor–product relationships observed in experiments in vivo.

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