ENERGY LOSS OF HIGHLY CHARGED PARTICLES PRODUCED BY FISSION AND BY COSMIC RAYS: SECTION I. OBSERVATIONS OF FISSION FRAGMENTS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Demers
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Velocity Curve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stopping Power ◽  
Light Fragment ◽  
Fission Fragments

Measurements on the range of the tracks of fission fragments recorded in special laboratory-made emulsions are reported. The origin was marked so that observations on length not possible otherwise were made. Stopping power and straggling for such tracks in different media are discussed. It is shown, that the range of one fragment is little dependent on the range of the other paired fragment. The blackening of the two tracks near the origin is on the average unequal, that of the light fragment L being darker. It is inferred that ionization is greater near the origin for the L fragment. Knock-on protons allow a range velocity curve to be drawn, and evidence is advanced to prove that the light associated particles are indeed knock-on protons.

ENERGY LOSS OF HIGHLY CHARGED PARTICLES PRODUCED BY FISSION AND BY COSMIC RAYS: SECTION II. PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS ON FISSION FRAGMENTS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Mathieu ◽  
Pierre Demers
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Characteristic Curves ◽  
Fission Tracks ◽  
Fission Fragments ◽  
Photometric Measurements

A sensitive and accurate photometer is described, which is designed to measure directly the light intensity transmitted through very small objects placed under the microscope at the highest resolving powers. Tracks of mesons, protons, α rays, and fission fragments were examined with it, characteristic curves relating optical density D and ionizing power I were obtained and show the feature, unusual for light sensitivity, of two sensitive regions separated by a region of very low gamma. The variation of optical density and of width with ionizing power is discussed for three types of emulsion. Measurements on fission tracks are analyzed to derive a single range ionization relation I = 1.22 + 0.738 R, in Mev. and microns, applicable to both heavy and light fragments, in agreement with Section I. The controversial literature on this matter is discussed.

scholarly journals Attempts to detect the emission of secondary charged particles in the fission of 235 U by slow neutrons

1947 ◽  
Vol 191 (1027) ◽  
pp. 428-441 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Charged Particle ◽  
Uranium Oxide ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Light Charged Particle ◽  
Fission Fragments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Light Charged Particles ◽  
Α Particles

If light charged particles (protons, α-particles, etc.) are emitted during fission, it should be possible to establish this fact by a simple coincidence experiment. Suppose two detectors are arranged so that they can both ‘see’ a thin film of uranium oxide. Let one of the detectors register the entry of fission fragments only, say at the rate of F (sec. -1 ). Let the other detector register not only fission fragments (unless they are excluded by an interposed absorber) but also light charged particles (protons, a-particles, etc.) with energies within certain limits. Suppose that the rate of registration in the second detector is P (sec. -1 ), that the mean efficiency for the detection of a light charged particle emitted from the uranium film is e , and that the average number of light charged particles liberated per fission is η.

scholarly journals Study of the performance of prototypes of straw tube tracker by measuring cosmic rays

2019 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 05022
Author(s):  
Akshay Malige ◽  
Grzegorz Korcyl ◽  
Narendra Rathod
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Electromagnetic Calorimeter ◽  
Clock Signal ◽  
Track Reconstruction ◽  
Panda Experiment ◽  
Straw Tube ◽  
Individual Detector

Straw tube detector developed for the PANDA experiment in [1], will be used for tracking and identifcation of charged particles in the Forward Tracker (FT). The detector read-out will be incorporated in PANDA DAQ running in trigger-less mode by means of Synchronization Of Data Acquisition Network (SODAnet). SODAnet is the protocol used to synchronize individual detector subsystems by providing a common clock signal and timestamps. The reconstruction of events out of many fragments is done with the Burst Building Network. The first tests of such system have been performed with prototypes of FT and ElectroMagnetic Calorimeter modules (EMC) in [1] measuring cosmic rays. Those tests allow to evaluate the detectors as well as the synchronization and processing systems. The reconstruction of particle tracks has been developed and evaluated. The results on the track reconstruction, spatial resolution and energy loss via Time over Threshold (TOT) method is described together with the DAQ performance.

ENERGY LOSS OF HIGHLY CHARGED PARTICLES PRODUCED BY FISSION AND BY COSMIC RAYS: III. THE LINEAR DENSITY OF DELTA RAYS. EXPERIMENTS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Demers ◽  
Zofia Lechno-Wasiutynska
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Linear Density ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
New Method ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Relativistic Corrections ◽  
Comparison With Experiment

Delta rays having an energy as low as 2–5 kev. have been counted along the tracks of mesons, protons, and α rays of low velocity, allowing the identification of each. Three methods are presented and applied to determine the efficiency ƒ of counting delta rays of various energies; measured values of ƒ vary between 0.05% at 2 kev. and 100–180% near 50 kev. The number of grains, and the energy distribution among visible delta rays, are analyzed. A new method of determining velocity, based on the analysis of the number of grains in the delta rays, is presented. In the Appendix, the effect of relativistic corrections is computed and discussed. It is small except at large velocities where comparison with experiment is difficult.

MAGNETOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION FUNCTION TO SEPARATE NEAR EARTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY COSMIC RAYS

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (29) ◽  
pp. 6678-6680 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. BOBIK ◽  
M. BOSCHINI ◽  
M. GERVASI ◽  
D. GRANDI ◽  
E. MICELOTTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Field Model ◽  
Primary Particle ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Transmission Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Moment

The main features of charged particles accessing the Earth magnetosphere have been studied by tracing their trajectories. The reconstruction code has allowed us to perform two simulations of Cosmic Rays (CRs) accessing the AMS detector, one for the 1998 data, and the other for the 2005 (at the moment, the IGRF data are available up to that year). The parameters of the external field model for 2005 have been estimated from the solar conditions in 1982 and 1984, two solar cycles before. The CRs have been assumed to be isotropically impinging on the AMS detector, flying at 400 km altitude with energies reproducing the AMS-01 observed spectrum. The computation of allowed and forbidden primary particle trajectories has enabled us the estimate of the Transmission Function in both periods. A comparison with the overall (primary and secondary) AMS-01 data provides by subtraction the determination of the secondary spectrum.

Atomic orientation effects in proton stopping at low velocity

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 708-709
Author(s):  
Kin Lam
Keyword(s):  
Polycrystalline Material ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Target Material ◽  
Stopping Power ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Electronic Density ◽  
Interatomic Distances ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Atomic Orientation

The energy of moving ions in solid is dependent on the electronic density as well as the atomic structural properties of the target material. These factors contribute to the observable effects in polycrystalline material using the scanning ion microscope. Here we outline a method to investigate the dependence of low velocity proton stopping on interatomic distances and orientations.The interaction of charged particles with atoms in the frame work of the Fermi gas model was proposed by Lindhard. For a system of atoms, the electronic Lindhard stopping power can be generalized to the formwhere the stopping power function is defined as

Stopping-power determination for compound by EELS

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 948-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Joy ◽  
Suichu Luo ◽  
John R. Dunlap ◽  
Dick Williams ◽  
Siqi Cao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Stopping Power ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Power Calculation ◽  
Coulomb Collisions ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

In Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science, Biology and Medicine, it is very important to have accurate information about the stopping power of various media for electrons, that is the average energy loss per unit pathlength due to inelastic Coulomb collisions with atomic electrons of the specimen along their trajectories. Techniques such as photoemission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy have been used in the measurements of electron-solid interaction. In this paper we present a comprehensive technique which combines experimental and theoretical work to determine the electron stopping power for various materials by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS ). As an example, we measured stopping power for Si, C, and their compound SiC. The method, results and discussion are described briefly as below.The stopping power calculation is based on the modified Bethe formula at low energy:where Neff and Ieff are the effective values of the mean ionization potential, and the number of electrons participating in the process respectively. Neff and Ieff can be obtained from the sum rule relations as we discussed before3 using the energy loss function Im(−1/ε).

ENERGY ORDERING EFFECTS IN THE ARRIVAL DIRECTIONS OF ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS MEASURED BY THE PIERRE AUGER OBSERVATORY

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (supp02) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
◽  
PETER SCHIFFER
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Pierre Auger Observatory ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Ordering Effects ◽  
Arrival Directions

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the world's largest experiment for the measurement of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). These UHECRs are assumed to be to be charged particles, and thus are deflected in cosmic magnetic fields. Recent results of the Pierre Auger Observatory addressing the complex of energy ordering of the UHECRs arrival directions are reviewed in this contribution. So far no significant energy ordering has been observed.

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