Ion exchange and solvent extraction equilibria in mixed electrolytes

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (20) ◽  
pp. 3851-3858 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Patil ◽  
H. D. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Stability Constants ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Mixed Electrolytes ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Extraction Equilibria

The distribution coefficients of 2-thenoyl trifluoroacetone (TTA) between the organic and aqueous phase containing mixtures of ClO4−, NO3−, Cl−, SCN−, and SO42− ions indicate that the activity coefficients of TTA in the aqueous phase are given by ln γ = ΣksiCsi where ksi and Csi are the salting-out parameter and molar concentration of the ith component, respectively. The salting-out effect on TTA follows the usual pattern for a non-electrolyte, i.e. SO42− > Cl− > Br− > ClO4− > SCN− for anions and Li+ > Na+ > H+. In the solvent extraction equilibria, the extraction behavior of the neutral species M(TTA)n may not be similar to that of TTA and thus stability constants determined by this method, wherein there are large changes of anion composition in the aqueous phase to maintain the ionic strength constant, may be in error. The ion exchange equilibria have also been investigated by determining distribution coefficients, D, of metal ions in trace concentrations in mixed electrolyte solutions. The large, poorly hydrated ions are salted into the resin phase in the presence of anions like ClO4− having the property of breaking the water structure. In mixed electrolytes containing perchlorate, nitrate, and chloride ion mixtures, the D values are difficult to rationalize on the basis of the activity coefficients of ions alone. The stability constants for the formation of CaCl+, CaNO3+, BaCl+, and BaNO3+ determined by the ion exchange method at μ = 1 are not in agreement with those obtained by the spectroscopic method.

scholarly journals Stability Constants of Cobalt (II) Thiocyanato Complexes in Aqueous Solutions and Their Solvent Extraction Equilibria

1971 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 412-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya SEKINE ◽  
Ryokichi MURAI ◽  
Masaakira IGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Stability Constants ◽  
Extraction Equilibria

scholarly journals Solvent Extraction of Boric Acid: Comparison of Five Different Monohydric Alcohols and Equilibrium Modeling with Numerical Methods

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 398
Author(s):  
Adam Balinski ◽  
Volker Recksiek ◽  
Norman Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Monohydric Alcohols ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

Solvent extraction is one of the common methods for the recovery of boric acid (or boron) from aqueous solutions. A wide variety of different compounds including monohydric alcohols has been tested, and there is wide recognition that they are rather ineffective compared to other extractants such as diols. Nevertheless, monohydric alcohols find application in industrial processes, demonstrating their efficiency. The intention of this study is to clarify this discrepancy and to provide an overall picture of monohydric alcohols as an extractant for boric acid. Five different monohydric alcohols are the object of this study: n-octanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-butyl-1-octanol, 2-octanol and 3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol. A special focus of this work is the examination of the effect of the structure of the carbon chain and the effect of the composition of the aqueous phase on the extraction efficiency. As well as the extraction efficiency for boric acid, other important properties are examined such as the viscosity of the organic phase, the solubility of alcohols in the aqueous phase and the co-extraction of salts used as a salting-out agent (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, LiCl, LiNO3). Finally, a numerical algorithm is developed to calculate the relationship between the number of theoretical stages and the phase ratio at equilibrium for selected extraction systems.

A method for selective separation of scandium (III) from yttrium and a number of rare-earth elements for its subsequent determination

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
M. I. Degtev ◽  
A. A. Yuminova ◽  
A. S. Maksimov ◽  
A. P. Medvedev
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Selective Isolation ◽  
Optimum Ratio ◽  
Extraction Condition ◽  
Sulfosalicylic Acid ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Subsequent Determination ◽  
Toxic Organic Solvents ◽  
Metal Ions Extraction

The possibility of using an aqueous stratified system of antipyrine — sulfosalicylic acid — water for the selective isolation of scandium macro- and microquantities for subsequent determination is studied. The proposed extraction system eliminates the usage of toxic organic solvents. The organic phase with a volume of 1.2 to 2.0 ml, resulting from delamination of the aqueous phase containing antipyrine and sulfosalicylic acid is analysed to assess the possibility of using such systems for metal ions extraction. Condition necessary for the formation of such a phase were specified: the ratio of the initial components, their concentration, presence of inorganic salting out agents. The optimum ratio of antipyrine to sulfosalicylic acid is 2:1 at concentrations of 0.6 and 0.3 mol/liter in a volume of the aqueous phase of 10 ml. The obtained phase which consists of antipyrinium sulfosalicylate, free antipyrine and water, quantitatively extracts macro- and microquantities of scandium at pH = 1.54. Macro- and microquantities of yttrium, terbium, lanthanum, ytterbium and gadolinium are not extracted under the aforementioned conditions thus providing selective isolation of scandium from the bases containing yttrium, ytterbium, terbium, lanthanum, and gadolinium.

Extraction of hafnium(IV) with organophosphorus reagents from solutions of mineral acids mixtures

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 3656-3664
Author(s):  
Oldřich Navrátil ◽  
Jiří Smola ◽  
Rostislav Kolouch
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Synergic Effect ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Mixed Complexes ◽  
Synergic Extraction ◽  
Mineral Acids

Extraction of hafnium(IV) was studied from solutions of mixtures of perchloric and nitric acids and of perchloric and hydrochloric acids for constant ionic strength, I = 2, 4, 6, or 8, and for cHf 4 . 10-4 mol l-1. The organic phase was constituted by solutions of some acidic or neutral organophosphorus reagents or of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone, or N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine in benzene, chloroform, or n-octane. A pronounced synergic extraction of hafnium proceeds only on applying organophosphorus reagents from an aqueous phase whose acidity is not lower than 3M-(HClO4 + HNO3) or 5M-(HClO4 + HCl). The synergic effect was not affected markedly by a variation of the initial concentration of hafnium in the range 1 . 10-8 -4 .10-4 mol l-1, it lowered with increasing initial concentration of the organophosphorus reagent and decreasing concentration of the H+ ions. It is suggested that the hafnium passes into the organic phase in the form of mixed complexes, the salting-out effect of perchloric acid playing an appreciable part.

Equilibrium Sorptions in Heterogeneous Ion Exchange Membranes

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1905-1914
Author(s):  
Miroslav Bleha ◽  
Věra Šumberová
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Ion Exchange Capacity ◽  
Equilibrium Sorption ◽  
Inhomogeneity Factor

The equilibrium sorption of uni-univalent electrolytes (NaCl, KCl) in heterogeneous cation exchange membranes with various contents of the ion exchange component and in ion exchange membranes Ralex was investigated. Using experimental data which express the concentration dependence of equilibrium sorption, validity of the Donnan relation for the systems under investigation was tested and values of the Glueckauf inhomogeneity factor for Ralex membranes were determined. Determination of the equilibrium sorption allows the effect of the total content of internal water and of the ion-exchange capacity on the distribution coefficients of the electrolyte to be determined.

Application of Ion Exchange, Solvent Extraction, and Ion-Imprinted Methods for Separation of 203Pb

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 724-727
Author(s):  
M. Yarmohammadi ◽  
M. Mirzaei ◽  
A. Samadi-Maybodi
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Ion Imprinted

scholarly journals Immobilization of an Iridium(I)-NHC-Phosphine Catalyst for Hydrogenation Reactions under Batch and Flow Conditions

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Henrietta Kovács ◽  
Krisztina Orosz ◽  
Gábor Papp ◽  
Ferenc Joó ◽  
Henrietta Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Hydrogenation Reactions ◽  
Excellent Selectivity

Na2[Ir(cod)(emim)(mtppts)] (1) with high catalytic activity in various organic- and aqueous-phase hydrogenation reactions was immobilized on several types of commercially available ion-exchange supports. The resulting heterogeneous catalyst was investigated in batch reactions and in an H-Cube flow reactor in the hydrogenation of phenylacetylene, diphenylacetylene, 1-hexyne, and benzylideneacetone. Under proper conditions, the catalyst was highly selective in the hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes, and demonstrated excellent selectivity in C=C over C=O hydrogenation; furthermore, it displayed remarkable stability. Activity of 1 in hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone was also assessed.

scholarly journals Solvent Extraction Equilibrium in the CuSO4–H2SO4–LIX 984–ESCAID 103 Systern

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 518-519
Author(s):  
Francisco Jose Alguacil ◽  
Jaime Simpson ◽  
Patricio Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Extraction System ◽  
Extraction Equilibrium ◽  
Solvent Extraction System ◽  
Measured Distribution

A previously determined thermodynamic model for extraction equilibrium is used as a basis to predict experimentally measured distribution coefficients for the CuSO4–H2SO4–LIX 984–Escaid 103 solvent extraction system at 25 °C and aqueous copper concentrations in the range 0.01–2.0 gL−1, the copper loading isotherm is also obtained.

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