scholarly journals Solvent Extraction of Boric Acid: Comparison of Five Different Monohydric Alcohols and Equilibrium Modeling with Numerical Methods

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 398
Author(s):  
Adam Balinski ◽  
Volker Recksiek ◽  
Norman Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Monohydric Alcohols ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

Solvent extraction is one of the common methods for the recovery of boric acid (or boron) from aqueous solutions. A wide variety of different compounds including monohydric alcohols has been tested, and there is wide recognition that they are rather ineffective compared to other extractants such as diols. Nevertheless, monohydric alcohols find application in industrial processes, demonstrating their efficiency. The intention of this study is to clarify this discrepancy and to provide an overall picture of monohydric alcohols as an extractant for boric acid. Five different monohydric alcohols are the object of this study: n-octanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-butyl-1-octanol, 2-octanol and 3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol. A special focus of this work is the examination of the effect of the structure of the carbon chain and the effect of the composition of the aqueous phase on the extraction efficiency. As well as the extraction efficiency for boric acid, other important properties are examined such as the viscosity of the organic phase, the solubility of alcohols in the aqueous phase and the co-extraction of salts used as a salting-out agent (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, LiCl, LiNO3). Finally, a numerical algorithm is developed to calculate the relationship between the number of theoretical stages and the phase ratio at equilibrium for selected extraction systems.

LTCC 3D FLOW FOCALIZATION DEVICE FOR LIQUID-LIQUID PARTIAL SOLVENT EXTRACTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (CICMT) ◽  
pp. 000111-000117
Author(s):  
Houari Cobas Gomez ◽  
Jéssica Gonçalves da Silva ◽  
Jocasta Mileski Machado ◽  
Bianca Oliveira Agio ◽  
Francisco Jorge Soares de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Microfluidic Device ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Channel Length ◽  
Main Channel ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
3D Flow ◽  
Acetone Concentration

Abstract The present work shows a ceramics microfluidic device for partial solvent extraction scheme. The technology used for device fabrication was Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC) which allows us for complex and chemical resistant 3D microfluidic devices. The proposed system aims to partially extract the solvent present in a mixture containing aqueous and organic phases. This scheme uses a 3D flow focalization in order to improve the solvent diffusion into the external aqueous phase. The device is composed by three different parts, the input channels distribution, the main channel and the output channels distribution. The designed input channels distribution ensures a centered 3D focalized solvent stream along the main channel. The focalized solvent mixes with the surrounding water thanks to diffusion. Projected output channels take the central fluid out separately from the surrounding. Thus the device has two different outputs, one for the focalized fluid and another one for the waste fluid, which is the aqueous phase plus solvent. For a device concept proof, acetone and water were used as organic and aqueous phases, respectively. COMSOL Multiphysics was used for device microfluidics and chemical transport simulation. The extraction efficiency was the variable used as indicator for device performance validation. The flow rate ratio between phases, total flow rate, main channel length and focalized stream channel output hydraulic diameter (ODH) were used as process variables for simulation purposes. A factorial experimental planning was used in order to analyze the extraction efficiency taking into account process variables effects. From simulation results it was determined main channel length and ODH as the variables with stronger effect on extraction efficiency. Obtained simulated efficiencies were as high as 80.6%. Considering previous results observations a microfluidic device was fabricated with a main channel length of 21,4 mm and ODH of 214,63 μm. Gas chromatography was used to measured acetone concentration in outputs samples and from here the extraction efficiency. Experimental results were in agreement with simulation, returning extraction efficiencies in the order of 80.8% ± 2.2%.

Ion exchange and solvent extraction equilibria in mixed electrolytes

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (20) ◽  
pp. 3851-3858 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Patil ◽  
H. D. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Stability Constants ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Mixed Electrolytes ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Extraction Equilibria

The distribution coefficients of 2-thenoyl trifluoroacetone (TTA) between the organic and aqueous phase containing mixtures of ClO4−, NO3−, Cl−, SCN−, and SO42− ions indicate that the activity coefficients of TTA in the aqueous phase are given by ln γ = ΣksiCsi where ksi and Csi are the salting-out parameter and molar concentration of the ith component, respectively. The salting-out effect on TTA follows the usual pattern for a non-electrolyte, i.e. SO42− > Cl− > Br− > ClO4− > SCN− for anions and Li+ > Na+ > H+. In the solvent extraction equilibria, the extraction behavior of the neutral species M(TTA)n may not be similar to that of TTA and thus stability constants determined by this method, wherein there are large changes of anion composition in the aqueous phase to maintain the ionic strength constant, may be in error. The ion exchange equilibria have also been investigated by determining distribution coefficients, D, of metal ions in trace concentrations in mixed electrolyte solutions. The large, poorly hydrated ions are salted into the resin phase in the presence of anions like ClO4− having the property of breaking the water structure. In mixed electrolytes containing perchlorate, nitrate, and chloride ion mixtures, the D values are difficult to rationalize on the basis of the activity coefficients of ions alone. The stability constants for the formation of CaCl+, CaNO3+, BaCl+, and BaNO3+ determined by the ion exchange method at μ = 1 are not in agreement with those obtained by the spectroscopic method.

A method for selective separation of scandium (III) from yttrium and a number of rare-earth elements for its subsequent determination

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
M. I. Degtev ◽  
A. A. Yuminova ◽  
A. S. Maksimov ◽  
A. P. Medvedev
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Selective Isolation ◽  
Optimum Ratio ◽  
Extraction Condition ◽  
Sulfosalicylic Acid ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Subsequent Determination ◽  
Toxic Organic Solvents ◽  
Metal Ions Extraction

The possibility of using an aqueous stratified system of antipyrine — sulfosalicylic acid — water for the selective isolation of scandium macro- and microquantities for subsequent determination is studied. The proposed extraction system eliminates the usage of toxic organic solvents. The organic phase with a volume of 1.2 to 2.0 ml, resulting from delamination of the aqueous phase containing antipyrine and sulfosalicylic acid is analysed to assess the possibility of using such systems for metal ions extraction. Condition necessary for the formation of such a phase were specified: the ratio of the initial components, their concentration, presence of inorganic salting out agents. The optimum ratio of antipyrine to sulfosalicylic acid is 2:1 at concentrations of 0.6 and 0.3 mol/liter in a volume of the aqueous phase of 10 ml. The obtained phase which consists of antipyrinium sulfosalicylate, free antipyrine and water, quantitatively extracts macro- and microquantities of scandium at pH = 1.54. Macro- and microquantities of yttrium, terbium, lanthanum, ytterbium and gadolinium are not extracted under the aforementioned conditions thus providing selective isolation of scandium from the bases containing yttrium, ytterbium, terbium, lanthanum, and gadolinium.

PERSOALAN KEHIDUPAN KONTEMPORER: MENGGAGAS KAJIAN SACHEDINA TENTANG THEOLOGI PLURALISME

EMPIRISMA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Limas Dodi
Keyword(s):  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Common View ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Religious Differences

According to Abdulaziz Sachedina, the main argument of religious pluralism in the Qur’an based on the relationship between private belief (personal) and public projection of Islam in society. By regarding to private faith, the Qur’an being noninterventionist (for example, all forms of human authority should not be disturb the inner beliefs of individuals). While the public projection of faith, the Qur’an attitude based on the principle of coexistence. There is the willingness of the dominant race provide the freedom for people of other faiths with their own rules. Rules could shape how to run their affairs and to live side by side with the Muslims. Thus, based on the principle that the people of Indonesia are Muslim majority, it should be a mirror of a societie’s recognizion, respects and execution of religious pluralism. Abdul Aziz Sachedina called for Muslims to rediscover the moral concerns of public Islam in peace. The call for peace seemed to indicate that the existence of increasingly weakened in the religious sense of the Muslims and hence need to be reaffi rmed. Sachedina also like to emphasize that the position of peace in Islam is parallel with a variety of other doctrines, such as: prayer, fasting, pilgrimage and so on. Sachedina also tried to show the argument that the common view among religious groups is only one religion and traditions of other false and worthless. “Antipluralist” argument comes amid the reality of human religious differences. Keywords: Theology, Pluralism, Abdulaziz Sachedina

Migraine: Genetic Variants and Clinical Phenotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (34) ◽  
pp. 6207-6221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Innocenzo Rainero ◽  
Alessandro Vacca ◽  
Flora Govone ◽  
Annalisa Gai ◽  
Lorenzo Pinessi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Mthfr Gene ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Clinical Phenotypes ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

Migraine is a common, chronic neurovascular disorder caused by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. In the last two decades, molecular genetics of migraine have been intensively investigated. In a few cases, migraine is transmitted as a monogenic disorder, and the disease phenotype cosegregates with mutations in different genes like CACNA1A, ATP1A2, SCN1A, KCNK18, and NOTCH3. In the common forms of migraine, candidate genes as well as genome-wide association studies have shown that a large number of genetic variants may increase the risk of developing migraine. At present, few studies investigated the genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with migraine. The purpose of this review was to discuss recent studies investigating the relationship between different genetic variants and the clinical characteristics of migraine. Analysis of genotype-phenotype correlations in migraineurs is complicated by several confounding factors and, to date, only polymorphisms of the MTHFR gene have been shown to have an effect on migraine phenotype. Additional genomic studies and network analyses are needed to clarify the complex pathways underlying migraine and its clinical phenotypes.

Extraction of hafnium(IV) with organophosphorus reagents from solutions of mineral acids mixtures

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 3656-3664
Author(s):  
Oldřich Navrátil ◽  
Jiří Smola ◽  
Rostislav Kolouch
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Synergic Effect ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Mixed Complexes ◽  
Synergic Extraction ◽  
Mineral Acids

Extraction of hafnium(IV) was studied from solutions of mixtures of perchloric and nitric acids and of perchloric and hydrochloric acids for constant ionic strength, I = 2, 4, 6, or 8, and for cHf 4 . 10-4 mol l-1. The organic phase was constituted by solutions of some acidic or neutral organophosphorus reagents or of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone, or N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine in benzene, chloroform, or n-octane. A pronounced synergic extraction of hafnium proceeds only on applying organophosphorus reagents from an aqueous phase whose acidity is not lower than 3M-(HClO4 + HNO3) or 5M-(HClO4 + HCl). The synergic effect was not affected markedly by a variation of the initial concentration of hafnium in the range 1 . 10-8 -4 .10-4 mol l-1, it lowered with increasing initial concentration of the organophosphorus reagent and decreasing concentration of the H+ ions. It is suggested that the hafnium passes into the organic phase in the form of mixed complexes, the salting-out effect of perchloric acid playing an appreciable part.

The Trade Mark, Other Product Designations, and Goodwill

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Pila
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Geographical Indication ◽  
Passing Off ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the meaning of the terms that appropriately denote the subject matter protectable by registered trade mark and allied rights, including the common law action of passing off. Drawing on the earlier analyses of the objects protectable by patent and copyright, it defines the trade mark, designation of origin, and geographical indication in their current European and UK conception as hybrid inventions/works in the form of purpose-limited expressive objects. It also considers the relationship between the different requirements for trade mark and allied rights protection, and related principles of entitlement. In its conclusion, the legal understandings of trade mark and allied rights subject matter are presented as answers to the questions identified in Chapter 3 concerning the categories and essential properties of the subject matter in question, their method of individuation, and the relationship between and method of establishing their and their tokens’ existence.

A comparison of the changes in the patterns of the usage and categorization of the classifier ‘ben 本’ in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Jeong-A Jo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Korean Chinese ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to examine the common features and differences in how the Chinese-character classifier ‘ ben 本’ is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, and will explore the factors that have affected the categorization processes and patterns of the classifier ‘ ben 本.’ Consideration of the differences in the patterns of usage and categorization of the same Chinese classifier in different languages enables us to look into the perception of the world and the socio cultural differences inherent in each language, the differences in the perception of Chinese characters, and the relationship between classifiers.

scholarly journals Individual quality of life and the environment – towards a concept of livable areas for persons with disabilities in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Grabowska ◽  
Radosław Antczak ◽  
Jan Zwierzchowski ◽  
Tomasz Panek
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [1] highlights the need to create proper socioeconomic and political conditions for persons with disabilities, with a special focus on their immediate living conditions. According to the Convention, these conditions should be built to ensure that persons with disabilities have the potential to enjoy a high quality of life (QoL), and this principle is reflected in the notion of livable areas. The crucial aspect of this framework is the relationship between the individual QoL and the environment, broadly understood as the socioeconomic as well as the technical conditions in which persons with disabilities function. Methods The basic research problem was to assess the relationship between individual QoL for the population with disabilities as a dependent variable and livability indicators as independent variables, controlling for individual characteristics. The study used a dataset from the EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) survey carried out in 2015 in Poland. The research concept involved several steps. First, we created a variable measuring the QoL for the entire population with disabilities. To measure the multidimensional QoL, we used Sen’s capability approach as a general concept, which was operationalized by the MIMIC (multiple indicators multiple causes) model. In the second step, we identified the livability indicators available in the official statistics, and merged them with survey data. Finally, in the last step, we ran the regression analysis. We also checked the data for the nested structure. Results We confirmed that the general environmental conditions, focused on creating livable areas, played a significant role in shaping the QoL of persons with disabilities; i.e., we found that the higher the level of the local Human Development Index, the higher the quality of life of the individuals living in this area. This relationship held even after controlling for the demographic characteristics of the respondents. Moreover, we found that in addition to the general environmental conditions, the conditions created especially for persons with disabilities (i.e., services for this group and support for their living conditions) affected the QoL of these individuals. Conclusions The results illustrate the need to strengthen policies aimed at promoting the QoL of persons with disabilities by creating access to community assets and services that can contribute to improving the life chances of this population.

Pensare Dio. Spunti di riflessione in dialogo con Anca Vasiliu

Elenchos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-194
Author(s):  
Angela Longo
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Relevant Topic ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Trinity

AbstractThe following work features elements to ponder and an in-depth explanation taken on the Anca Vasiliu’s study about the possibilities and ways of thinking of God by a rational entity, such as the human being. This is an ever relevant topic that, however, takes place in relation to Platonic authors and texts, especially in Late Antiquity. The common thread is that the human being is a God’s creature who resembles him and who is image of. Nevertheless, this also applies within the Christian Trinity according to which, not without problems, the Son is the image of the Father. Lastly, also the relationship of the Spirit with the Father and the Son, always within the Trinity, can be considered as a relationship of similarity, but again not without critical issues between the similarity of attributes, on the one hand, and the identity of nature, on the other.

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