Destruction des oxydes d'azote à pression atmosphérique

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Dessaux ◽  
Pierre Goudmand ◽  
Gérard Moreau ◽  
Brigitte Mutel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Nitrogen Atom ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Microwave Discharge ◽  
Active Nitrogen ◽  
Atom Concentration ◽  
Theoretical Cost

Active nitrogen produced at atmospheric pressure by a microwave discharge is found to require less energy consumption for the decomposition of nitrogen oxides. Important parameters improving the energy cost are described: NOx must be introduced in a visually well-limited zone where the nitrogen atom concentration is maximum, the energy cost is then nearly equal to the theoretical cost.

THE REACTION OF ACTIVE NITROGEN WITH MIXTURES OF ETHYLENE AND NITRIC OXIDE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1899-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Fersht ◽  
R. A. Back
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrogen Atom ◽  
Active Nitrogen ◽  
Atom Concentration ◽  
Condensed Discharge ◽  
Excited Molecules ◽  
True Measure ◽  
Concerted Reaction

The reaction of active nitrogen, produced in a condensed discharge at 1 mm pressure, with mixtures of ethylene and nitric oxide has been studied with mixtures ranging in composition from pure ethylene to pure nitric oxide. The sum of HCN + 14N16N produced from mixtures of C2H4 and 15NO remained constant and equal to the HCN produced from pure C2H4 for NO concentrations up to 50 mole %. As more NO was added, this sum rose towards the value of 14N15N produced from pure 15NO. These data appear to lend support to the HCN yield from ethylene as the true measure of nitrogen atom concentration. It is suggested that 15NO also undergoes a concerted reaction with excited 14N14N molecules, probably in the A3 Σu+ state, to produce 14N15N, and that these excited molecules can be quenched by collision with ethylene or methane without consuming nitrogen or forming HCN.

THE REACTION OF ACTIVE NITROGEN WITH PROPYLENE

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 915-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Trick ◽  
C. A. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Nitrogen Atom ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Atomic Hydrogen ◽  
Atomic Nitrogen ◽  
Active Nitrogen

The reaction of nitrogen atoms with propylene has been found to produce hydrogen cyanide and ethylene as the main products, together with smaller amounts of ethane and propane and traces of acetylene and of a C4 fraction. With excess propylene, the nitrogen atoms were completely consumed and for the reaction at 242 °C., 0.77 mole of ethylene was produced for each mole of excess propylene added. For reactions at lower temperatures, less ethylene was produced. The proposed mechanism involves formation of a complex between the nitrogen atom and the double bond of propylene, followed by decomposition to ethylene, hydrogen cyanide, and atomic hydrogen. The ethylene would then react with atomic nitrogen in a similar manner.

Microwave Torch Plasmas for Decomposition of Gaseous Pollutants

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Jasiński ◽  
Jerzy Mizeraczyk ◽  
Zenon Zakrzewski
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Coaxial Line ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Torch Discharge ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Moderate Power

AbstractResults of the study of decomposition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs including Freons) in their mixtures with either synthetic air or nitrogen, and nitrogen oxides NOx in their mixtures with N2 or Ar in low (~ 100 W) and moderate-power (200-400 W) microwave torch plasmas at atmospheric pressure are presented. Three types of microwave torch discharge (MTD) generators, i.e. the low-power coaxial-line-based MID, the moderate-power waveguide-based coaxial-line MTD and the moderate-power waveguide-based MTD generators were used. The gas flow rate and microwave power (2.45 GHz) delivered to the discharge were in the range of 1÷3 l/min and 100÷ 400 W, respectively. Concentrations of the processed gaseous pollutants usually were from several up to several tens percent. The energy efficiency of decomposition of several gaseous pollutants reached 1000 g/kWh. It was found that the microwave torch plasmas fully decomposed the pollutants at relatively low energy cost. This suggests that the MTD plasma can be a useful tool for decomposition of highly-concentrated gaseous pollutants.

A Novel Hybrid Method Based on Three-Stage Extraction and DEA-CCR Models for Selecting the Optimal Conditions for Citronella Oil Extraction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaithat Sudsuansee ◽  
Narong Wichapa ◽  
Amin Lawong ◽  
Nuanchai Khotsaeng
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Steam Flow ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Steam Flow Rate ◽  
Citronella Oil ◽  
Extraction Model ◽  
Ccr Model

In citronella oil extraction process by steam distillation, inefficient use of steam is the main cause of excessive energy consumption that affects energy cost and oil yield. This research is aimed to reduce the energy cost and increase the oil yield by studying the steam used in the process. The proposed method is the three-stage extraction model combined with the Data Envelopment Analysis developed by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (DEA-CCR model). Although the three-stage extraction model has been widely used, there is no research integrate this model with DEA-CCR model. It is well known that DEA-CCR model is an effective tool to evaluate efficiency of decision making units/alternatives. The advantages of this research were presented as the calculation of the optimum distillation conditions, including the steam flow rate and the distillation time, were achieved as discussed in this article. The study was comprised of 3 parts. Firstly, the three-stage extraction model for citronella oil was formulated. Secondly, the results of the proposed model were calculated under different conditions, classified by steam flow rates from 5,000 to 60,000 cm3/min for the distillation period of 15–180 min. Finally, the DEA-CCR model was utilized to evaluate and rank alternatives. The results expressed that the best condition for producing citronella oil was at the steam flow rate of 40,000 cm3/min and the distillation time of 60 min. The optimal energy cost and percentage of oil yield were equal to 0.440 kWh/mL and 0.7%, respectively. When comparing to the experimental results, the percentage error of optimal energy cost and oil yield were slightly different, with a value of 0.98% and 0.85%, respectively. Moreover, the energy consumption was also reduced by 34.6% compared to the traditional operating conditions.

Energy Consumption in Leisure Centres – A Comparative Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-225
Author(s):  
A.J. Griffiths ◽  
P.J. Bowen ◽  
B.J. Brinkworth ◽  
I.R. Morgan ◽  
A Howarth
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Occupancy Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Band

The Sports and Recreation sector within the UK uses the equivalent of 3 millions tonnes of coal per year to supply the activities demanded by an ever increasing sports conscience society. The government has attempted to stimulate energy efficiency in this sector through the use of good practice guides and case studies. A comparative study was undertaken to analyse the performance of two leisure complexes in the Seven Valley degree day region. One site had double the occupancy rate of the other. It was found that the energy consumption per user was approximately 10 kWh for both sites. However the energy cost per user showed a large difference: for Site A this index was 31p/user compared to 15p/user at Site B. The primary causes of this difference are attributed to variation in energy mix between the two sites, as well as a difference in the price paid for primary fuel. Indices based on floor area of the facilities exhibit similar trends, and furthermore show that both sites were in the high band of energy consumption. This indicated that both sites had the potential to make significant energy-related savings, and a further breakdown of electrical, natural gas and water consumption per site is used to identify these potential savings in a rapidly expanding sector.

scholarly journals Hybrid-Model-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning for Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Zhao ◽  
Junhua Zhao ◽  
Ting Shu ◽  
Zibin Pan
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Electricity Price ◽  
Learning Efficiency ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Model Free

Buildings account for a large proportion of the total energy consumption in many countries and almost half of the energy consumption is caused by the Heating, Ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The model predictive control of HVAC is a complex task due to the dynamic property of the system and environment, such as temperature and electricity price. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a model-free method that utilizes the “trial and error” mechanism to learn the optimal policy. However, the learning efficiency and learning cost are the main obstacles of the DRL method to practice. To overcome this problem, the hybrid-model-based DRL method is proposed for the HVAC control problem. Firstly, a specific MDPs is defined by considering the energy cost, temperature violation, and action violation. Then the hybrid-model-based DRL method is proposed, which utilizes both the knowledge-driven model and the data-driven model during the whole learning process. Finally, the protection mechanism and adjusting reward methods are used to further reduce the learning cost. The proposed method is tested in a simulation environment using the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) electricity price data and New South Wales temperature data. Simulation results show that 1) the DRL method can reduce the energy cost while maintaining the temperature satisfactory compared to the short term MPC method; 2) the proposed method improves the learning efficiency and reduces the learning cost during the learning process compared to the model-free method.

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Optimization of Home Appliances and Electric Vehicle Considering Customer’s Benefits and Offsite Shared Photovoltaic Curtailment

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2852
Author(s):  
Yeongenn Kwon ◽  
Taeyoung Kim ◽  
Keon Baek ◽  
Jinho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Home Energy Management ◽  
Residential Demand ◽  
Home Energy Management System ◽  
Demand Patterns ◽  
Ev Charging

A Time-of-Use (TOU)-tariff scheme, helps residential customers to adjust their energy consumption voluntarily and reduce energy cost. The TOU tariff provides flexibility in demand, alleviate volatility caused by an increase in renewable energy in the power system. However, the uncertainty in the customer’s behavior, causes difficulty in predicting changes in residential demand patterns through the TOU tariff. In this study, the dissatisfaction model for each time slot is set as the energy consumption data of the customer. Based on the actual customer’s consumption pattern, the user sets up a model of dissatisfaction that enables aggressive energy cost reduction. In the proposed Home Energy Management System (HEMS) model, the efficient use of jointly invested offsite photovoltaic (PV) power generation is also considered. The optimal HEMS scheduling result considering the dissatisfaction, cost, and PV curtailment was obtained. The findings of this study indicate, that incentives are required above a certain EV battery capacity to induce EV charging for minimizing PV curtailment.

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