Estimation of Eucalyptus delegatensis wood properties by near infrared spectroscopy

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1671-1675 ◽  
Author(s):  
L R Schimleck ◽  
R Evans ◽  
J Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Eucalyptus Delegatensis

The use of calibrated near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the prediction of a range solid wood properties is described. The methods developed are applicable to large-scale nondestructive forest resource assessment and to tree breeding and silvicultural programs. A series of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker (alpine ash) samples were characterized in terms of density, longitudinal modulus of elasticity (EL), microfibril angle (MFA), and modulus of rupture (MOR). NIR spectra were obtained from the radial–longitudinal face of each sample and used to generate calibrations for the measured physical properties. The relationships were good in all cases, with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.77 for MOR through 0.90 for EL to 0.93 for stick density. In view of the rapidly expanding range of applications for this technique, it is concluded that appropriately calibrated NIR spectroscopy could form the basis of a "universal" testing instrument capable of predicting a wide range of product properties from a single type of spectrum obtained from the product or from the raw material.

Nondestructive estimation of Pinus taeda L. wood properties for samples from a wide range of sites in Georgia

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
P D Jones ◽  
L R Schimleck ◽  
G F Peter ◽  
R F Daniels ◽  
A Clark III
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Preliminary studies based on small sample sets show that near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has the potential for rapidly estimating many important wood properties. However, if NIR is to be used operationally, then calibrations using several hundred samples from a wide variety of growing conditions need to be developed and their performance tested on samples from new populations. In this study, 120 Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) radial strips (cut from increment cores) representing 15 different sites from three physiographic regions in Georgia (USA) were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness. NIR spectra were collected in 10-mm increments from the radial longitudinal surface of each strip and split into calibration (nine sites, 729 spectra) and prediction sets (six sites, 225 spectra). Calibrations were developed using untreated and mathematically treated (first and second derivative and multiplicative scatter correction) spectra. Strong correlations were obtained for all properties, the strongest R2 values being 0.83 (density), 0.90 (MFA), and 0.93 (stiffness). When applied to the test set, good relationships were obtained (Rp2 ranged from 0.80 to 0.90), but the accuracy of predictions varied depending on math treatment. The addition of a small number of cores from the prediction set (one core per new site) to the calibration set improved the accuracy of predictions and importantly minimized the differences obtained with the various math treatments. These results suggest that density, MFA, and stiffness can be estimated by NIR with sufficient accuracy to be used in operational settings.

APPLICATION OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO A DIVERSE RANGE OF SPECIES DEMONSTRATING WIDE DENSITY AND STIFFNESS VARIATION

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Schimleck ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Jugo Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Longitudinal Modulus

The application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to a large number of mixed species that display extremely wide variations in wood chemistry, anatomy and physical properties, is described. The mixed species samples were characterized in terms of density, longitudinal modulus of elasticity and microfibril angle. NIR spectra were obtained from the radial / longitudinal face of each sample and used to generate calibrations for the measured physical properties. The calibrations developed for density and longitudinal modulus of elasticity had the highest coefficients of determination (R2) and demonstrated that it is possible to develop general calibrations for these important wood properties across a wide range of species.The mixed species calibrations were used to estimate wood properties of two species, Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker and Pinus radiata D.Don. The results obtained for density and longitudinal modulus of elasticity indicated that mixed species calibrations can be used to rank trees. In practice the extreme variation of samples selected for this study would not be required. It is expected that refinement of calibrations, through sample selection, would provide more accurate prediction of physical properties.

scholarly journals Comparison of Methods for Estimating Mechanical Properties of Wood by NIR Spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Schimleck ◽  
J. L. M. Matos ◽  
R. Trianoski ◽  
J. G. Prata
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Fiber Optic Probe ◽  
Optic Probe ◽  
Pine Species

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid alternative to traditional methods of wood property assessment. For organizations who assess wood properties on a large scale, multisite, multispecies calibrations are of practical interest. We examined NIR spectroscopy for the estimation of density (at 12% moisture content), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR) using clear wood samples obtained from several pine species (Pinus caribaeavar. bahamensis, var.hondurensis, and var. caribaea, P.chiapensis,P.maximinoi,P.oocarpa,P.taeda, andP.tecunumanii). We compared different methodologies for collecting spectra, that is, benchtop instrument versus benchtop fiber-optic probe and field portable fiber-optic probe, and different wood surfaces (radial and transverse). Calibrations based on the benchtop instrument were superior to those obtained using the fiber-optic probe systems. Difficulty with adequately representing the sample when collecting spectra using a fiber-optic probe and lower quality spectra explain the differences among the data sets. Spectra collected from radial and transverse surfaces provided similar calibration statistics. The calibrations obtained for density (R2 = 0.81, SECV = 38.5 kg/m3) and MOE (R2 = 0.81, SECV = 1124 GPa) using benchtop instrument spectra demonstrate that it is possible to obtain general calibrations for estimating the wood properties of a number of tropical, subtropical, and temperate pine species.

Estimation of the physical wood properties of green Pinus taeda radial samples by near infrared spectroscopy

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2297-2305 ◽  
Author(s):  
L R Schimleck ◽  
C Mora ◽  
R F Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Independent Set ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Green Wood

The application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to the green wood of radial samples (simulated increment cores) and the development of calibrations for the prediction of wood properties are described. Twenty Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) radial strips were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness. NIR spectra were obtained in 10-mm steps from the radial longitudinal and transverse faces of each sample and used to develop calibrations for each property. NIR spectra were collected when the wood was green (moisture content ranged from approximately 100% to 154%) and dried to approximately 7% moisture content. Relationships between measured and NIR estimates for green wood were good; coefficients of determination (R2) ranged from 0.79 (MFA) to 0.85 (air-dry density). Differences between calibrations developed using the radial longitudinal and transverse faces were small. Calibrations were tested on an independent set. Predictive errors were relatively large for some green samples and relationships were moderate; R2p ranged from 0.67 (MFA) to 0.81 (stiffness). Dry wood calibrations demonstrated strong predictive relationships with R2p ranging from 0.87 (air-dry density) to 0.95 (stiffness). NIR spectroscopy has the potential to predict the air-dry density, MFA, and stiffness of 10-mm sections of green P. taeda wood samples.

scholarly journals High Resolution Scanning of Radial Strips cut from Increment Cores by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

IAWA Journal ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. David Jenes ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Chi-Leung So ◽  
Alexander Clark III ◽  
Richard F. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid method for the determination ofwood properties of radial strips. The spatial resolution of the NIR measurements has generally been limited to sections 10mm wide and as a consequence the estimation of wood properties of individual rings or within rings has not been possible. Many different NIR instruments can be used to collect NIR spectra from the surface of radial strips at relatively high spatial resolution and the purpose of this study was to compare wood property calibrations obtained using NIR spectra collected in 5 mm and 2 mm seetions with several different NIR instruments. We found that calibrations based on spectra collected in 5 mm seetions had good statistics, with those based on the Bruker Vector 22/N spectrometer the strongest. Of the three properties examined (density, microfibril angle and stiffness), density had the weakest statistics. When the spatial resolution was decreased to 2 mm, calibration and prediction statistics were weaker than those at 5 mm. RPDp's were relatively low with the highest being 1.76 for predicted stiffness based on NIR spectra obtained using the ASD Field Spec Pro spectrometer. Based on the low RPDp's, we conclude that none of the instruments examined were suitable for scanning radial strips at a spatial resolution of 2 mm.

Characterization of the wood quality of pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata Lam) by measurements of density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness, color, and NIR spectroscopy

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Charles Espey ◽  
Christian R. Mora ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Adam Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Caesalpinia Echinata

Abstract A total of 30 Caesalpinia echinata (pernambuco) sticks were ranked based on their suitability for making high quality bows and were assigned to one of the three following categories: 0=very poor to poor, 1=good to very good, and 2=excellent. From the end of each stick a sample was cut for wood property and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis. Wood properties measured included air-dry density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness and wood color. NIR spectra were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and on the PC scores. Poor quality samples were discriminated from those of good to very good and excellent quality; however, samples from the two higher quality groups were mixed. Based on relationships observed between PC scores and wood properties, we suggest that, of the measured properties, density and stiffness were the most important in sample discrimination based on quality. Samples ranked in the excellent category had high average density (1119 kg m-3) and stiffness (25.2 GPa) and relatively low extractives content (21.2%) compared to samples in the very poor to poor category (density= 938 kg m-3, stiffness=18.9 GPa and extractives content=24.9%).

scholarly journals Prediction of loblolly pine wood properties using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 2423-2431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Sykes ◽  
Bailian Li ◽  
Gary Hodge ◽  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
John Kadla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Nondestructive Technique ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calibration Equations

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid nondestructive technique that has been used to characterize chemical and physical properties of a wide range of materials. In this study, transmittance NIR spectra from thin wood wafers cut from increment cores were used to develop calibration models for the estimation of α-cellulose content, average fiber length, fiber coarseness, and lignin content in the laboratory. Eleven-year-old trees from two sites were sampled using 12-mm increment cores. Earlywood and latewood of ring 3 and ring 8 from these samples were analyzed in the laboratory using microanalytical methods for α-cellulose content, average fiber length, fiber coarseness, and lignin content. NIR calibrations and laboratory measurements based on one site were generally reliable, with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.54 to 0.88 for average fiber length and α-cellulose content, respectively. Predicting ring 8 properties using ring 3 calibration equations showed potential for predicting α-cellulose content and fiber coarseness, with R2 values of approximately 0.60, indicating the potential for early selection. Predicting the wood properties using the calibration equations from one site to predict another showed moderate success for α-cellulose content (R2 = 0.64) and fiber coarseness (R2 = 0.63), but predictions for fiber length were relatively poor (R2 = 0.43). Prediction of lignin content using transmittance NIR spectroscopy was not as reliable in this study, partially because of low variation in lignin content in these wood samples and large errors in measuring lignin content in the laboratory.

scholarly journals Prediction of Douglas-Fir Lumber Properties: Comparison between a Benchtop Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Hyperspectral Imaging System

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Schimleck ◽  
Joseph Dahlen ◽  
Seung-Chul Yoon ◽  
Kurt Lawrence ◽  
Paul Jones
Keyword(s):  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Visual Grade ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and NIR hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) were compared for the rapid estimation of physical and mechanical properties of No. 2 visual grade 2 × 4 (38.1 mm by 88.9 mm) Douglas-fir structural lumber. In total, 390 lumber samples were acquired from four mills in North America and destructively tested through bending. From each piece of lumber, a 25-mm length block was cut to collect diffuse reflectance NIR spectra and hyperspectral images. Calibrations for the specific gravity (SG) of both the lumber (SGlumber) and 25-mm block (SGblock) and the lumber modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were created using partial least squares (PLS) regression and their performance checked with a prediction set. The strongest calibrations were based on NIR spectra; however, the NIR-HSI data provided stronger predictions for all properties. In terms of fit statistics, SGblock gave the best results, followed by SGlumber, MOE, and MOR. The NIR-HSI SGlumber, MOE, and MOR calibrations were used to predict these properties for each pixel across the transverse surface of the scanned samples, allowing SG, MOE, and MOR variation within and among rings to be observed.

scholarly journals Prototype of the Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Expert System for Particleboard Identification

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Anna Sandak ◽  
Jakub Sandak ◽  
Dominika Janiszewska ◽  
Salim Hiziroglu ◽  
Marta Petrillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Original System ◽  
Adhesive System ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Panel Type

The overall goal of this work was to develop a prototype expert system assisting quality control and traceability of particleboard panels on the production floor. Four different types of particleboards manufactured at the laboratory scale and in industrial plants were evaluated. The material differed in terms of panel type, composition, and adhesive system. NIR spectroscopy was employed as a pioneer tool for the development of a two-level expert system suitable for classification and traceability of investigated samples. A portable, commercially available NIR spectrometer was used for nondestructive measurements of particleboard panels. Twenty-five batches of particleboards, each containing at least three independent replicas, was used for the original system development and assessment of its performance. Four alternative chemometric methods (PLS-DA, kNN, SIMCA, and SVM) were used for spectroscopic data classification. The models were developed for panel recognition at two levels differing in terms of their generality. In the first stage, four among twenty-four tested combinations resulted in 100% correct classification. Discrimination precision with PLS-DA and SVMC was high (>99%), even without any spectra preprocessing. SNV preprocessed spectra and SVMC algorithm were used at the second stage for panel batch classification. Panels manufactured by two producers were 100% correctly classified, industrial panels produced by different manufacturing plants were classified with 98.9% success, and the experimental panels manufactured in the laboratory were classified with 63.7% success. Implementation of NIR spectroscopy for wood-based product traceability and quality control may have a great impact due to the high versatility of the production and wide range of particleboards utilization.

Focusing near Infrared Spectroscopy on the Business Objectives of Modern Pharmaceutical Production

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (A) ◽  
pp. A13-A19 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.G. Axon ◽  
R. Brown ◽  
S.V. Hammond ◽  
S.J. Maris ◽  
F. Ting
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Develop Model ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Pharmaceutical Production

The early use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the pharmaceutical industry was for raw material identification, later moving on to some conventional “calibrations” for various ingredients in a variety of sample types. The approach throughout this development process has always been “conventional” with one measurement by NIR directly replacing some other slower method, be it Mid-IR identification, or determinations by Karl Fischer, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)etc. A significant change in approach was demonstrated by Plugge and Van der Vlies1 in 1993, where a qualitative system was used to provide “quantitative like” answers for potency of a drug substance. Following on from that key paper, there has been a realisation that the qualitative analysis ability of NIR, has the potential to be a powerful tool for process investigation, control and validation. The final step has been to develop “model free” approaches, that consider individual data sets as unique systems, and present the opportunity for NIR to escape the shackles of “calibration” in one form or another. The use of qualitative, or model free, approaches to NIR spectroscopy provides an effective tool for satisfying many of the demands of modern pharmaceutical production. “Straight through production,” “right first time,” “short cycle time” and “total quality management” philosophies can be realised. Eventually the prospect of parametric release may be materialised with a strong contribution from NIR spectroscopy. This paper will illustrate the above points with some real life examles.

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