Aboveground biomass and nutrient accumulation 20 years after clear-cutting a southern Appalachian watershed

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine J Elliott ◽  
Lindsay R Boring ◽  
Wayne T Swank
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Nutrient Pools ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Phosphorus Accumulation ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study

In 1975, we initiated a long-term interdisciplinary study of forest watershed ecosystem response to clear-cutting and cable logging in watershed 7 at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. This paper describes [Formula: see text]20 years of change in species composition, aboveground biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and nutrient pools in the 59-ha mixed hardwood forest of watershed 7 following commercial clear-cutting in winter 1977. We measured woody species in 24 permanently marked plots before cutting in 1974 and during subsequent years (1977–1997). By 1997 ([Formula: see text]20 years after cutting), aboveground biomass was 81.7, 96.9, and 85.4 Mg·ha–1 in the cove hardwood; mesic, mixed-oak; and dry, mixed-oak communities, respectively. Leaf biomass and LAI accumulated relatively faster than total aboveground biomass in all three communities. By 1984, only 7–8 years after cutting, leaf biomass and LAI were nearly equal to the amount estimated for the precut forest. In 1997, nitrogen accumulation was 36, 44, and 61% and phosphorus accumulation was 48, 66, and 59% in the cove-hardwoods; mesic, mixed-oak; and dry, mixed-oak communities of the corresponding precut communities, respectively. Potassium, calcium, and magnesium accumulations were less than either nitrogen or phosphorus accumulation.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Accumulation and Root Distribution of Grafted Tomato Plants as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1907-1914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desire Djidonou ◽  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Karen E. Koch ◽  
Lincoln Zotarelli
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
N Use

Growth and yield typically increase when tomato plants are grafted to selected interspecific hybrid rootstocks from which distinctive root system morphologies are envisioned to aid nutrient uptake. We assessed these relationships using a range of exogenous nitrogen (N) supplies under field production conditions. This study analyzed the impact of N on growth, root distribution, N uptake, and N use of determinate ‘Florida 47’ tomato plants grafted onto vigorous, interspecific, hybrid tomato rootstocks ‘Multifort’ and ‘Beaufort’. Six N rates, 56, 112, 168, 224, 280, and 336 kg·ha−1, were applied to sandy soil in Live Oak, FL, during Spring 2010 and 2011. During both years, the leaf area index, aboveground biomass, and N accumulation (leaf blade, petiole, stem, and fruit) responded quadratically to the increase in N fertilizer rates. Averaged over the two seasons, the aboveground biomass, N accumulation, N use efficiency (NUE), and N uptake efficiency (NUpE) were ≈29%, 31%, 30%, and 33% greater in grafted plants than in nongrafted controls, respectively. More prominent increases occurred in the root length density (RLD) in the uppermost 15 cm of soil; for grafted plants, RLD values in this upper 15-cm layer were significantly greater than those of nongrafted plants during both years with an average increase of 69% over the two seasons. Across all the grafted and nongrafted plants, the RLD decreased along the soil profile, with ≈60% of the total RLD concentrated in the uppermost 0 to 15 cm of the soil layer. These results demonstrated a clear association between enhanced RLD, especially in the upper 15 cm of soil, and improvements in tomato plant growth, N uptake, and N accumulation with grafting onto vigorous rootstocks.

scholarly journals Monitoring the nitrogen nutrition status of rice plants using spectral and image technologies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Chun ◽  
Liu Ji Zhong ◽  
Liu Ying ◽  
Li Yan Da ◽  
Cao Zhong Sheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Rice Plants

Abstract Background: We aimed to investigate methods to estimate the nitrogen (N) nutrition status of rice plants using data obtained using a digital camera and a spectroradiometer. The overall aim was to compare the advantages and potential of image technology and spectral technology to monitor rice N indexes accurately, inexpensively, and in real time to optimize fertilization strategies. Realizing the technical selection of definite spectrum or image diagnosis aiming at different rice nitrogen nutrition indexes. We conducted field trials of rice plants grown with different levels of N fertilizer in 2018 to 2019. Spectral information and images of the rice canopy were obtained, various image and spectral characteristic parameters were selected to construct models to estimate rice N status.Results: The determination coefficients of the models constructed using the ratio vegetation index (RVI[800,550]) and cover canopy (CC) as dependent variables were most significant. Among the models using spectral parameters, those constructed using RVI[800,550] to estimate rice N indexes had the obviously coefficient of determination (R2) values, which were 0.69, 0.58, and 0.65 for the models to estimate leaf area index(LAI), aboveground biomass(AGB), and plant N accumulation(PNA). As for image parameter, those using CC to predict rice N indexes showed the highest R2 values (0.76, 0.65, and 0.71 for the models to estimate LAI, AGB, and PNA, respectively) (P < 0.01). The model using the spectral parameter RVI[800,550] had a good fit and stability in estimating plant nitrogen accumulation (R2 = 0.65, root mean square error (RMSE) = 1.35 g·m-2, relative RMSE (RRMSE) = 14.05%), and the model using the image parameter CC had a good fit in predicting leaf area index (R2 = 0.76, RMSE = 0.28, RRMSE = 7.26%) and aboveground biomass (R2 = 0.65, RMSE = 22.03 g·m-2, RRMSE = 7.52%). Different detection technology should be adopted for different rice varieties and rice N nutrition indexes. Conclusions: Spectral and image parameters can be used as technical parameters to estimate rice N status. The spectral parameter RVI[800,550] can be used to accurately estimate plant nitrogen accumulation, and the image parameter CC can be used to accurately estimate leaf area index and aboveground biomass.

Effects of thinning on biomass growth in young Populustremuloides plots

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Hocker Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Net Production ◽  
Annual Biomass

Stem, branch, and leaf biomass and leaf-area index (LAI) were estimated for 4 years of growth in plots of thinned and unthinned 7-year-old Populustremuloides Michx. In 1978, transmitted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was monitored to estimate percent PAR transmitted. Four years after thinning total aboveground biomass and LAI in the thinned plots exceeded prethinning levels, but were still much less than in the unthinned plots. Leaf biomass and LAI in the unthinned plots increased to 3900 kg ha−1 and 5.7, respectively, but were still increasing in the thinned plots. Annual net stem and branch production during the study was relatively constant at about 5300 kg ha−1 year−1 in the unthinned plots, while net production in the thinned plots was still increasing. Transmitted PAR attenuated rapidly to LAI 3.5, approaching asymptote near LAI 5. Results suggest that, in the short term, thinning of young stands will decrease total aboveground biomass, but net annual biomass accumulation may not be greatly different between thinned and unthinned stands. LAI 3.5 may be an acceptable value for 11-year-old stands but should be permitted to increase to near LAI 5 in older stands.

Increases in aboveground biomass and leaf area 85 years after drainage in a bog

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 713-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Talbot ◽  
Nigel T. Roulet ◽  
Oliver Sonnentag ◽  
Tim R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Reference Site ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Area Index

Climate change scenarios suggest that northern peatlands could become drier. To address the type and magnitude of vegetation change associated with persistent drying, we studied changes in biomass and leaf area index following drainage 85 years previously of a bog, using destructive sampling, allometric relationships, and optical measurements. Our results show a 10-fold increase in aboveground biomass between the reference site and the most severely drained site, resulting from the growth of a tree layer. The total leaf biomass increased slightly as a result of drainage, thus an increase in woody biomass was the main cause of the increase in aboveground biomass. Leaf area index approximately tripled in sites where trees grew. Sphagnum L. moss biomass decreased from 120 g·m−2 at the reference site (20% of all aboveground biomass) to 8 g·m−2 under the tree canopy (<1% of all aboveground biomass). The percentage of deciduous shrubs increased from 3% of the total shrub biomass in the reference site to 72% in the most severely drained site. Our results show that lowering the water table of a bog can have a profound effect on vegetation but the net effect of these changes on the role of the peatland as a carbon sink remains difficult to assess.

scholarly journals Aboveground Biomass Allocation of Boreal Shrubs and Short-Stature Trees in Northwestern Canada

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Linda Flade ◽  
Christopher Hopkinson ◽  
Laura Chasmer
Keyword(s):  
Short Stature ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Plant Component ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Allometric Models ◽  
Stem Biomass ◽  
Model Fits

In this follow-on study on aboveground biomass of shrubs and short-stature trees, we provide plant component aboveground biomass (herein ‘AGB’) as well as plant component AGB allometric models for five common boreal shrub and four common boreal short-stature tree genera/species. The analyzed plant components consist of stem, branch, and leaf organs. We found similar ratios of component biomass to total AGB for stems, branches, and leaves amongst shrubs and deciduous tree genera/species across the southern Northwest Territories, while the evergreen Picea genus differed in the biomass allocation to aboveground plant organs compared to the deciduous genera/species. Shrub component AGB allometric models were derived using the three-dimensional variable volume as predictor, determined as the sum of line-intercept cover, upper foliage width, and maximum height above ground. Tree component AGB was modeled using the cross-sectional area of the stem diameter as predictor variable, measured at 0.30 m along the stem length. For shrub component AGB, we achieved better model fits for stem biomass (60.33 g ≤ RMSE ≤ 163.59 g; 0.651 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.885) compared to leaf biomass (12.62 g ≤ RMSE ≤ 35.04 g; 0.380 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.735), as has been reported by others. For short-stature trees, leaf biomass predictions resulted in similar model fits (18.21 g ≤ RMSE ≤ 70.0 g; 0.702 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.882) compared to branch biomass (6.88 g ≤ RMSE ≤ 45.08 g; 0.736 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.923) and only slightly better model fits for stem biomass (30.87 g ≤ RMSE ≤ 11.72 g; 0.887 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.960), which suggests that leaf AGB of short-stature trees (<4.5 m) can be more accurately predicted using cross-sectional area as opposed to diameter at breast height for tall-stature trees. Our multi-species shrub and short-stature tree allometric models showed promising results for predicting plant component AGB, which can be utilized for remote sensing applications where plant functional types cannot always be distinguished. This study provides critical information on plant AGB allocation as well as component AGB modeling, required for understanding boreal AGB and aboveground carbon pools within the dynamic and rapidly changing Taiga Plains and Taiga Shield ecozones. In addition, the structural information and component AGB equations are important for integrating shrubs and short-stature tree AGB into carbon accounting strategies in order to improve our understanding of the rapidly changing boreal ecosystem function.

scholarly journals Natural Regeneration of the Tree Stand in the Bilberry Spruce Forest—Clear-Cutting Ecotone Complex in the First Post-Logging Decade

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1542
Author(s):  
Nadezhda V. Genikova ◽  
Viktor N. Mamontov ◽  
Alexander M. Kryshen ◽  
Vladimir A. Kharitonov ◽  
Sergey A. Moshnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting

Bilberry spruce forests are the most widespread forest type in the European boreal zone. Limiting the clear-cuttings size leads to fragmentation of forest cover and the appearance of large areas of ecotone complexes, composed of forest (F), a transition from forest to the cut-over site under tree canopy (FE), a transition from forest to the cut-over site beyond tree canopy (CE), and the actual clear-cut site (C). Natural regeneration of woody species (spruce, birch, rowan) in the bilberry spruce stand—clear-cut ecotone complex was studied during the first decade after logging. The effects produced by the time since cutting, forest edge aspect, and the ground cover on the emergence and growth of trees and shrubs under forest canopy and openly in the clear-cut were investigated. Estimating the amount and size of different species in the regeneration showed FE and CE width to be 8 m—roughly half the height of first-story trees. Typical forest conditions (F) feature a relatively small amount of regenerating spruce and birch. The most favorable conditions for natural regeneration of spruce in the clear-cut—mature bilberry spruce stand ecotone are at the forest edge in areas of transition both towards the forest and towards the clear-cut (FE and CE). Clear-cut areas farther from the forest edge (C) offer an advantage to regenerating birch, which grows densely and actively in this area.

scholarly journals Natural and Anthropogenic Variation of Stand Structure and Aboveground Biomass in Niger Delta Mangrove Forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chukwuebuka J. Nwobi ◽  
Mathew Williams
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Nipa Palm

Mangrove forests are important coastal wetlands because of the ecosystem services they provide especially their carbon potential. Mangrove forests productivity in the Niger Delta are poorly quantified and at risk of loss from oil pollution, deforestation, and invasive species. Here, we report the most extensive stem girth survey yet of mangrove plots for stand and canopy structure in the Niger Delta, across tidal and disturbance gradients. We established twenty-five geo-referenced 0.25-ha plots across two estuarine basins. We estimated aboveground biomass (AGB) from established allometric equations based on stem surveys. Leaf area index (LAI) was recorded using hemispherical photos. We estimated a mean AGB of 83.7 Mg ha–1 with an order of magnitude range, from 11 to 241 Mg ha–1. We found significantly higher plot biomass in close proximity to a protected site and tidal channels, and the lowest in the sites where urbanization and wood exploitation was actively taking place. The mean LAI was 1.45 and ranged fivefold from 0.46 to 2.41 and there was a significant positive correlation between AGB and LAI (R2 = 0.31). We divided the plots into two disturbance regimes and three nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) invasion levels. Lower stem diameter (5–15 cm) accounted for 70% of the total biomass in disturbed plots, while undisturbed regimes had a more even (∼25%) contribution of different diameter at breast height (DBH) size classes to AGB. Nipa palm invasion also showed a significant link to larger variations in LAI and the proportion of basal area removed from plots. We conclude that mangrove forest degradation and exploitation is removing larger stems (&gt;15 cm DBH), preferentially from these mangroves forests and creates an avenue for nipa palm colonization. This research identifies opportunities to manage the utilization of mangrove resources and reduce any negative impact. Our data can be used with remote sensing to estimate biomass in the Niger Delta and the inclusion of soil, leaf properties and demographic rates can analyze mangrove-nipa competition in the region.

scholarly journals Spectral and spatial information from a novel dual-wavelength full-waveform terrestrial laser scanner for forest ecology

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 20170049 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Mark Danson ◽  
Fadal Sasse ◽  
Lucy A. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Forest Ecology ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Dual Wavelength ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanner ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Waveform Data ◽  
Full Waveform ◽  
Wide Range

The Salford Advanced Laser Canopy Analyser (SALCA) is an experimental terrestrial laser scanner designed and built specifically to measure the structural and biophysical properties of forest canopies. SALCA is a pulsed dual-wavelength instrument with co-aligned laser beams recording backscattered energy at 1063 and 1545 nm; it records full-waveform data by sampling the backscattered energy at 1 GHz giving a range resolution of 150 mm. The finest angular sampling resolution is 1 mrad and around 9 million waveforms are recorded over a hemisphere above the tripod-mounted scanner in around 110 min. Starting in 2010, data pre-processing and calibration approaches, data analysis and information extraction methods were developed and a wide range of field experiments conducted. The overall objective is to exploit the spatial, spectral and temporal characteristics of the data to produce ecologically useful information on forest and woodland canopies including leaf area index, plant area volume density and leaf biomass, and to explore the potential for tree species identification and classification. This paper outlines the key challenges in instrument development, highlights the potential applications for providing new data for forest ecology, and describes new avenues for exploring information-rich data from the next generation of terrestrial laser scanners instruments like SALCA.

scholarly journals Estimating leaf area index and aboveground biomass of grazing pastures using Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Landsat images

2019 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 189-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Xiangming Xiao ◽  
Rajen Bajgain ◽  
Patrick Starks ◽  
Jean Steiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sentinel 2

Response of aboveground biomass increment, growth efficiency, and foliar nutrients to thinning, fertilization, and pruning in young Douglas-fir plantations in the central Oregon Cascades

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1278-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Velazquez-Martinez ◽  
David A. Perry ◽  
Tom E. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Biomass Increment ◽  
Oregon Cascades

The effect of thinning and cultural practices (multinutrient fertilization, pruning) on total aboveground biomass increment and growth efficiency was studied over three consecutive 2-year periods (1981–1987) in young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantations. Net aboveground biomass increment over the 6-year period averaged 14.5, 7.8, and 5.5 Mg•ha−1•year−1 for the high-, medium-, and low-density plots, respectively. Growth efficiency, after dropping sharply between leaf area indexes of 1 and 6 m2/m2, remained relatively constant up to a leaf area index of 17, the highest measured. Consequently, aboveground biomass increment continued to increase at leaf area indexes well above that at which the Beer–Lambert law predicts maximum light should be absorbed. Foliage analyses indicate that thinning improved nitrogen, potassium, and magnesium nutrition and increased the translocation of potassium from 1-year-old foliage to support new growth. However, fertilization increased foliar nitrogen and phosphorus contents only when coupled with pruning, suggesting that trees favor total leaf area over individual needle nutrition. Indications of potassium and magnesium limitations in this study are supported by other recent studies in Douglas-fir. Further work on the role of multinutrient deficiencies in this species is warranted.

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