Nitrogen Accumulation and Root Distribution of Grafted Tomato Plants as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization

Growth and yield typically increase when tomato plants are grafted to selected interspecific hybrid rootstocks from which distinctive root system morphologies are envisioned to aid nutrient uptake. We assessed these relationships using a range of exogenous nitrogen (N) supplies under field production conditions. This study analyzed the impact of N on growth, root distribution, N uptake, and N use of determinate ‘Florida 47’ tomato plants grafted onto vigorous, interspecific, hybrid tomato rootstocks ‘Multifort’ and ‘Beaufort’. Six N rates, 56, 112, 168, 224, 280, and 336 kg·ha−1, were applied to sandy soil in Live Oak, FL, during Spring 2010 and 2011. During both years, the leaf area index, aboveground biomass, and N accumulation (leaf blade, petiole, stem, and fruit) responded quadratically to the increase in N fertilizer rates. Averaged over the two seasons, the aboveground biomass, N accumulation, N use efficiency (NUE), and N uptake efficiency (NUpE) were ≈29%, 31%, 30%, and 33% greater in grafted plants than in nongrafted controls, respectively. More prominent increases occurred in the root length density (RLD) in the uppermost 15 cm of soil; for grafted plants, RLD values in this upper 15-cm layer were significantly greater than those of nongrafted plants during both years with an average increase of 69% over the two seasons. Across all the grafted and nongrafted plants, the RLD decreased along the soil profile, with ≈60% of the total RLD concentrated in the uppermost 0 to 15 cm of the soil layer. These results demonstrated a clear association between enhanced RLD, especially in the upper 15 cm of soil, and improvements in tomato plant growth, N uptake, and N accumulation with grafting onto vigorous rootstocks.

Download Full-text

Wheat genotypes with high early vigour accumulate more nitrogen and have higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency during early growth

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp13143 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 215 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Jiayin Pang ◽

Jairo A. Palta ◽

Gregory J. Rebetzke ◽

Stephen P. Milroy

Keyword(s):

Aboveground Biomass ◽

N Uptake ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Early Growth ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Genotypic Differences ◽

Wheat Genotypes ◽

Early Vigour ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Use

Genotypic differences in early growth and nitrogen (N) uptake among 24 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were assessed in a field trial. At late tillering, large genetic variation was observed for shoot biomass (23–56 g m–2 ground area) and N uptake (1.1–1.8 g m–2 ground area). A strong correlation between aboveground biomass and N uptake was observed. Variation around this relationship was also found, with some genotypes having similar N uptake but large differences in aboveground biomass. A controlled environment experiment was conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms for this variation in aboveground biomass using three vigorous genotypes (38–19, 92–11 and CV97) and a non-vigorous commercial cultivar (Janz). Vigorous genotypes had lower specific leaf N in the youngest fully expanded leaf than Janz. However, there was no difference in chlorophyll content, maximum Rubisco activity or the rate of electron transport per unit area. This suggests that Janz invested more N in non-photosynthetic components than the vigorous lines, which could explain the higher photosynthetic N use efficiency of the vigorous genotypes. The results suggest that the utilisation of wheat genotypes with high early vigour could improve the efficiency of N use for biomass production in addition to improving N uptake during early growth.

Download Full-text

Effect and Empirical Models of Nitrogen Uptake Under Different Nitrogen Sources in Dieffenbachia amoena

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.2.575 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 575-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Silvia Jiménez Becker ◽

Maria Teresa Lao ◽

Mari Luz Segura

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Uptake ◽

N Uptake ◽

Empirical Models ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Ammonium Concentration ◽

Nitrogen Form ◽

Area Index ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Form ◽

N Use

Adjusting fertility programs according to peak demand periods will help prevent periodic nutrient disorders during crop growth, allowing enhanced use efficiency of water and fertilization. The objectives of this article were to investigate 1) the evolution of the changes in the concentration of nitrate and ammonium in the recycled solution with different N-NO3 –/N-NH4 + ratios; 2) the influence of the N form supply (N-NO3 – or N-NH4 +) on the nitrogen uptake, the nitrogen:water uptake ratio, and nitrogen use and uptake efficiency; and 3) the development of empirical models that would allow the prediction of nitrogen nutritional needs of Dieffenbachia amoena to increase the N use efficiency in a recycled system. To achieve these aims, N uptake has been correlated to climate parameters such as temperature, vapor pressure deficit and global radiation, and growth parameters such as leaf area index. The trial was carried out with Dieffenbachia amoena plants growing in a recycled system with expanded clay as substrate. The crop was placed in an INSOLE (Buried Solar Greenhouse), the plants being supplied with equal amounts of N, differing in the percentage of the N form applied (NO3 –:NH4 +): TA (100:0), TB (50:50), and TC (0:100). The nitrogen form generated important changes in the pH and nitrate and ammonium concentration in nutritive solution during the recirculating solution. In N-NO3 – treatment, pH increased and nitrate concentration showed a tendency to drop slightly. N-NH4 + treatment showed an abrupt N-NH4 + concentration decrease, and N-NO3 – concentration increased along with a pH drop. Also, the nitrogen form applied to the Dieffenbachia amoena crop affects nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen uptake rates and nitrogen uptake concentration were higher in the plants supplied with N-NH4 + or NO3 –+NH4 + than in the plants provided with N-NO3 – alone. The supply of a combination of 50:50 NO3 –+NH4 + improved the N use efficiency. The study also indicated the possibility of predicting the N uptake rate and N uptake concentration using the proposed models.

Download Full-text

Modeling gas exchange and biomass production in West African Sahelian and Sudanian ecological zones

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-14-3789-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 3789-3812

Author(s):

Jaber Rahimi ◽

Expedit Evariste Ago ◽

Augustine Ayantunde ◽

Sina Berger ◽

Jan Bogaert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

West Africa ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Carbon Stocks ◽

West African ◽

Biogeochemical Model ◽

Area Index ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact ◽

Mean Square Errors

Abstract. West African Sahelian and Sudanian ecosystems provide essential services to people and also play a significant role within the global carbon cycle. However, climate and land use are dynamically changing, and uncertainty remains with respect to how these changes will affect the potential of these regions to provide food and fodder resources or how they will affect the biosphere–atmosphere exchange of CO2. In this study, we investigate the capacity of a process-based biogeochemical model, LandscapeDNDC, to simulate net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and aboveground biomass of typical managed and natural Sahelian and Sudanian savanna ecosystems. In order to improve the simulation of phenology, we introduced soil-water availability as a common driver of foliage development and productivity for all of these systems. The new approach was tested by using a sample of sites (calibration sites) that provided NEE from flux tower observations as well as leaf area index data from satellite images (MODIS, MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). For assessing the simulation accuracy, we applied the calibrated model to 42 additional sites (validation sites) across West Africa for which measured aboveground biomass data were available. The model showed good performance regarding biomass of crops, grass, or trees, yielding correlation coefficients of 0.82, 0.94, and 0.77 and root-mean-square errors of 0.15, 0.22, and 0.12 kg m−2, respectively. The simulations indicate aboveground carbon stocks of up to 0.17, 0.33, and 0.54 kg C ha−1 m−2 for agricultural, savanna grasslands, and savanna mixed tree–grassland sites, respectively. Carbon stocks and exchange rates were particularly correlated with the abundance of trees, and grass biomass and crop yields were higher under more humid climatic conditions. Our study shows the capability of LandscapeDNDC to accurately simulate carbon balances in natural and agricultural ecosystems in semiarid West Africa under a wide range of conditions; thus, the model could be used to assess the impact of land-use and climate change on the regional biomass productivity.

Download Full-text

Growth and Distribution of Maize Roots in Response to Nitrogen Accumulation in Soil Profiles after Long-Term Fertilization Management on a Calcareous Soil

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10114315 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 4315 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yunlong Zhang ◽

Tengteng Li ◽

Shuikuan Bei ◽

Junling Zhang ◽

Xiaolin Li

Keyword(s):

Soil Profile ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

N Uptake ◽

Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽

Inorganic Fertilizer ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

Mineral N ◽

N Accumulation ◽

Root Distributions

The replacement of inorganic fertilizer nitrogen by manure is highlighted to have great potential to maintain crop yield while delivering multiple functions, including the improvement of soil quality. However, information on the dynamics of root distributions in response to chemical fertilizers and manure along the soil profile is still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal-spatial root distributions of summer maize (Zea mays L.) from 2013 to 2015 under four treatments (unfertilized control (CK), inorganic fertilizer (NPK), manure + 70% NPK (NPKM), and NPKM + straw (NPKMS)). Root efficiency for shoot N accumulation was increased by 89% in the NPKM treatment compared with the NPK treatment at V12 (the emergence of the twelfth leaf) of 2014. Root growth at 40–60 cm was consistently stimulated after manure and/or straw additions, especially at V12 and R3 (the milk stage) across three years. Root length density (RLD) in the diameter <0.2 mm at 0–20 cm was significantly positively correlated with soil water content and negatively with soil mineral N contents in 2015. The RLD in the diameter >0.4 mm at 20–60 cm, and RLD <0.2 mm, was positively correlated with shoot N uptake in 2015. The root length density was insensitive in response to fertilization treatments, but the variations in RLD along the soil profile in response to fertilization implies that there is a great potential to manipulate N supply levels and rooting depths to increase nutrient use efficiency. The importance of incorporating a manure application together with straw to increase soil fertility in the North China Plain (NCP) needs further studies.

Download Full-text

Agronomic performance of maize (Zea mays L.) breeding lines derived from a low nitrogen maize population

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859603003514 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 141 (2) ◽

pp. 221-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

A. Y. KAMARA ◽

J. G. KLING ◽

A. MENKIR ◽

O. IBIKUNLE

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

N Uptake ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Agronomic Performance ◽

N Accumulation ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Low Nitrogen ◽

N Use ◽

Pulling Resistance

Eighteen S1 lines of maize (Zea mays L.) derived from a low nitrogen tolerant pool and two inbred lines were evaluated for agronomic performance under moderate N conditions in the southern Guinea savannah of Nigeria. Generally, the breeding lines differed in yield, growth, vertical root-pulling resistance, N-uptake and N-use efficiency. Breeding lines with high vertical root-pulling resistance took up more N and utilized it more efficiently. They also showed better agronomic performance and recorded higher yields. Principal component and cluster analyses classified the breeding lines into six groups. The results of principal components analyses (PCA) suggest that the most important variables for the classification of the S1 lines were grain yield, plant height, total dry matter during the grain-filling period and at maturity, N-accumulation, N-uptake and N-use efficiency. Other important traits were days to silking, anthesis-silking interval, ears per plant, harvest index and vertical root-pulling resistance. Two groups containing a total of 14 S1 lines that had higher agronomic performance than others are recommended for further evaluation under severe N stress to ascertain their tolerance of low N stress before recombination to form a new population for the next cycle of selection.

Download Full-text

Fertilization of Two Container-grown Woody Ornamentals Based on Their Specific Nitrogen Accumulation Patterns

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.2.451 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 451-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David R. Sandrock ◽

Anita N. Azarenko ◽

Timothy L. Righetti

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

N Uptake ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Silica Sand ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

N Accumulation ◽

Total N ◽

Slow Growth Rate ◽

Sliding Scale

Nitrogen accumulation patterns were established for Weigela florida (Bunge.) A. DC. `Red Prince' (fast growth rate) and Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. `Compactus' (slow growth rate). From these, daily and biweekly N delivery schedules were designed to match N supply with N accumulation patterns of each taxon. Delivery schedules were sliding scales in that total N applied was controlled by independent increases (or decreases) of N concentration and solution volume. Daily and biweekly N delivery schedules were tested against a constant N rate (200 mg·L-1) and Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.9K (The Scotts Co., Marysville, Ohio). Plants were grown in 3.8-L containers in 7 douglas fir bark: 2 sphagnum peatmoss: 1 silica sand (0.65 mm; by volume) outdoors in full sun on a gravel pad for 142 d. Within each taxon, Weigela and Euonymus grown with sliding-scale N fertilization schedules had similar total dry weights, leaf areas, and total plant N contents to plants grown with a constant N rate (200 mg·L-1) or Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.9K. Sliding-scale liquid fertilization based on plant N requirements introduced less total N to the production cycle and resulted in higher N uptake efficiency than fertilization with a constant N rate of 200 mg·L-1. In general, liquid N fertilizer treatments resulted in plants with higher shoot to root ratios than plants treated with Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.9K. Weigela and Euonymus treated with biweekly schedules were similar to plants treated with daily schedules (same total amount of N delivered with each treatment).

Download Full-text

Aboveground biomass and nutrient accumulation 20 years after clear-cutting a southern Appalachian watershed

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x02-009 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 667-683 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Katherine J Elliott ◽

Lindsay R Boring ◽

Wayne T Swank

Keyword(s):

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Woody Species ◽

Leaf Biomass ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

Nutrient Pools ◽

Area Index ◽

Clear Cutting ◽

Southern Appalachian ◽

Phosphorus Accumulation ◽

Interdisciplinary Study

In 1975, we initiated a long-term interdisciplinary study of forest watershed ecosystem response to clear-cutting and cable logging in watershed 7 at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. This paper describes [Formula: see text]20 years of change in species composition, aboveground biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and nutrient pools in the 59-ha mixed hardwood forest of watershed 7 following commercial clear-cutting in winter 1977. We measured woody species in 24 permanently marked plots before cutting in 1974 and during subsequent years (19771997). By 1997 ([Formula: see text]20 years after cutting), aboveground biomass was 81.7, 96.9, and 85.4 Mg·ha1 in the cove hardwood; mesic, mixed-oak; and dry, mixed-oak communities, respectively. Leaf biomass and LAI accumulated relatively faster than total aboveground biomass in all three communities. By 1984, only 78 years after cutting, leaf biomass and LAI were nearly equal to the amount estimated for the precut forest. In 1997, nitrogen accumulation was 36, 44, and 61% and phosphorus accumulation was 48, 66, and 59% in the cove-hardwoods; mesic, mixed-oak; and dry, mixed-oak communities of the corresponding precut communities, respectively. Potassium, calcium, and magnesium accumulations were less than either nitrogen or phosphorus accumulation.

Download Full-text

Modelling Gas Exchange and Biomass Production in West African Sahelian and Sudanian Ecological Zones

10.5194/gmd-2020-417 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jaber Rahimi ◽

Expedit Evariste Ago ◽

Augustine Ayantunde ◽

Sina Berger ◽

Jan Bogaert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

West Africa ◽

Soil Water ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Carbon Stocks ◽

West African ◽

Biogeochemical Model ◽

Area Index ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact

Abstract. West African Sahelian and Sudanian ecosystems are providing essential services to people and also play a significant role within the global carbon cycle. However, climate and land use are dynamically changing and it remains uncertain how these changes will affect the potential of these regions for providing food and fodder resources or the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of CO2. In this study, we investigate the capacity of a process-based biogeochemical model, LandscapeDNDC, to simulate net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and aboveground biomass of typical managed and natural Sahelian and Sudanian savanna ecosystems. We tested the model for various sites with different proportions of trees and grasses, as well as for the most typical arable cropping systems of the region. In order to describe the phenological development with a common parameterization across all ecosystem types, we introduced soil-water availability in addition to temperature as a driver as seasonal soil water-shortage is a common feature for all these systems. The new approach was tested by using a sample of sites (calibration sites) that provided NEE from flux tower observations and leaf area index data from satellite images (MODIS). For assessing the simulation accuracy, we applied the calibrated model to 42 additional sites (validation sites) across West Africa for which measured aboveground biomass data were available. The model showed a good performance regarding simulated biomass development. Overall, the comparison of simulated and observed biomass at sites with a dominating land cover of crops, grass or trees yielded correlation coefficients of 0.82, 0.94, and 0.77 and the Root Mean Square Error of 0.15, 0.22, and 0.12 kg m−2, respectively. In absolute terms, the model results indicate above-ground carbon stocks up to 1733, 3291, and 5377 kg C ha−1 yr−1 for agricultural, savanna grasslands, and savanna mixed tree-grassland sites. Carbon stocks as well as exchange rates correlated in particular with the abundance of trees. The simulations indicate higher grass biomass and crop yields under more humid climatic conditions as can be found in the Sudanian savanna region. Our study shows the capability of LandscapeDNDC to accurately simulate carbon balances in natural and agricultural ecosystems in semi-arid West Africa under a wide range of conditions, so that it might be used to assess the impact of land-use and climate change on the regional biomass productivity.

Download Full-text

Monitoring the nitrogen nutrition status of rice plants using spectral and image technologies

10.21203/rs.3.rs-63525/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ye Chun ◽

Liu Ji Zhong ◽

Liu Ying ◽

Li Yan Da ◽

Cao Zhong Sheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area Index ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Nitrogen Nutrition ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

Area Index ◽

Plant Nitrogen ◽

N Nutrition ◽

Rice Plants

Abstract Background: We aimed to investigate methods to estimate the nitrogen (N) nutrition status of rice plants using data obtained using a digital camera and a spectroradiometer. The overall aim was to compare the advantages and potential of image technology and spectral technology to monitor rice N indexes accurately, inexpensively, and in real time to optimize fertilization strategies. Realizing the technical selection of definite spectrum or image diagnosis aiming at different rice nitrogen nutrition indexes. We conducted field trials of rice plants grown with different levels of N fertilizer in 2018 to 2019. Spectral information and images of the rice canopy were obtained, various image and spectral characteristic parameters were selected to construct models to estimate rice N status.Results: The determination coefficients of the models constructed using the ratio vegetation index (RVI[800,550]) and cover canopy (CC) as dependent variables were most significant. Among the models using spectral parameters, those constructed using RVI[800,550] to estimate rice N indexes had the obviously coefficient of determination (R2) values, which were 0.69, 0.58, and 0.65 for the models to estimate leaf area index(LAI), aboveground biomass(AGB), and plant N accumulation(PNA). As for image parameter, those using CC to predict rice N indexes showed the highest R2 values (0.76, 0.65, and 0.71 for the models to estimate LAI, AGB, and PNA, respectively) (P < 0.01). The model using the spectral parameter RVI[800,550] had a good fit and stability in estimating plant nitrogen accumulation (R2 = 0.65, root mean square error (RMSE) = 1.35 g·m-2, relative RMSE (RRMSE) = 14.05%), and the model using the image parameter CC had a good fit in predicting leaf area index (R2 = 0.76, RMSE = 0.28, RRMSE = 7.26%) and aboveground biomass (R2 = 0.65, RMSE = 22.03 g·m-2, RRMSE = 7.52%). Different detection technology should be adopted for different rice varieties and rice N nutrition indexes. Conclusions: Spectral and image parameters can be used as technical parameters to estimate rice N status. The spectral parameter RVI[800,550] can be used to accurately estimate plant nitrogen accumulation, and the image parameter CC can be used to accurately estimate leaf area index and aboveground biomass.

Download Full-text

Differences in nitrogen uptake and marginal yield response between low and high yielding perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) genotypes

Journal of New Zealand Grasslands ◽

10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.536 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 79 ◽

pp. 245-249

Author(s):

M. Harmer ◽

C. Farlow ◽

A.V. Stewart ◽

D.R. Woodfield

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Nitrogen Uptake ◽

N Uptake ◽

Yield Response ◽

N Leaching ◽

Response Functions ◽

Farm Scale ◽

The Impact ◽

N Use

Abstract Current nitrogen (N) use recommendations for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were derived from the response of historic genotypes certified or bred between 1930 and 1970. Despite significant increase in the yield of modern cultivars in seasons of lower forage growth (late spring through winter), no existing research considers the impact of this on N response functions or N uptake characteristics. In light of this a multi-year genotype by N rate trial was established. Data analysed confirms significant differences exist in the slope and intercept of genotype N response functions. Higher yielding modern cultivars had more than twice the marginal response to N of old genotypes in summer and autumn in addition they also yielded more when no N fertiliser was applied. Nitrogen uptake characteristics of higher yielding cultivars in the first winter were significantly greater than low yielding genotypes, thus they may present a different N leaching risk than older genotypes. Farm-scale implications of these preliminary findings warrants consideration once a larger dataset is available for analysis. Keywords: pasture, nitrogen fertiliser, genetic gain, N leaching, nitrogen economics

Download Full-text