Analysis of sex-linked, sequence-characterized amplified region markers in Salix eriocephala

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1785-1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
L E Gunter ◽  
R F Kopp ◽  
R P McCord ◽  
G A Tuskan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Salix Viminalis ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sequence Characterized Amplified Region ◽  
Marker Loci ◽  
Determination Mechanism

Two DNA markers, sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) AE08780 and SCAR 354520, known to be linked to and flanking a putative sex determination locus in Salix viminalis L., were tested in another shrubform willow, Salix eriocephala Michx. Marker analysis of seven female and eight male S. eriocephala clones used to produce 34 fullsib families reveals that five pairs of parents are alternatively polymorphic relative to reciprocal male and female combinations for the two marker loci. A goodness-of-fit test of marker presence or absence and relationship to gender suggests that the occurrence of SCAR 354520 is not significantly different (χ2 = 3.18, df = 1, P > 0.05) from the expected ratio of marker presence:absence in the male and female progenies across all five families, indicating no relationship to gender. However, the occurrence of SCAR AE08780 differs significantly from expected (χ2 = 21.05, df = 1, P < 0.001) in the five families and seems to be linked to femaleness in S. eriocephala. Within a single family, 984 (n = 54), both markers show a significant deviation from expected at P < 0.01 (SCAR AE08780: χ2 = 11.37, df = 1; SCAR 354520: χ2 = 9.49, df = 1). These data support the hypothesis that there is an association between the markers and a locus associated with gender in two divergent species and that there may be a common sex determination mechanism in willow.

Cross-sexual Transfer

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane West-Eberhard
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Alternative Phenotypes ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Critical Age ◽  
Sexual Traits ◽  
Discrete Traits ◽  
Dimorphic Species ◽  
Determination Mechanism

Distinctive male and female traits are perhaps the most familiar of all divergent specializations within species. In cross-sexual transfer, discrete traits that are expressed exclusively in one sex in an ancestral species appear in the opposite sex of descendants. An example is the expression of brood care by males in a lineage where ancestral females are the exclusive caretakers of the young, as in some voles (Thomas and Birney, 1979). Despite the prominence of sexual dimorphism and sex reversals in nature, and an early explicit treatment by Darwin, discussed in the next section, cross-sexual transfer is not often recognized as a major factor in the evolution of novelty (but see, on animals, Mayr, 1963, pp. 435-439; Mayr, 1970, p. 254; on plants, Iltis, 1983). When more widely investigated, cross-sexual transfer may prove to rival heterochrony and duplication as an important source of novelties in sexually dimorphic lineages. For this reason, I devote more attention here to cross-sexual transfer than to these other, well-established general patterns of change. The male and female of a sexually dimorphic species may be so different that it is easy to forget that each individual carries most or all of the genes necessary to produce the phenotype of the opposite sex. Sex determination, like caste determination and other switches between alternative phenotypes, depends on only a few genetic loci or, in many species, environmental factors (Bull, 1983). There is considerable flexibility in sex determination and facultative reversal in some taxa. Among fish, for example, there is even a species wherein sex is determined by juvenile size at a critical age (Francis and Barlow, 1993). The sex determination mechanism, whatever its nature, leads to a series of sex-limited responses, often coordinated by hormones and not necessarily all occurring at once. A distinguishing aspect of sexually dimorphic traits in adults is that there is often a close homology between the secondary sexual traits that are differently modified in the two sexes.

scholarly journals The Relative Age Effect in Czech U14 Male and Female Tennis Players in 2007–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
Roman Koloničný
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Junior Tennis ◽  
The Impact

The issue of the Relative Age Effect (RAE) has been long researched, discussed and published both in the academic and coaching community and the number of studies on it in various sports has significantly grown in recent years. The aim of this study was to verify the existence of RAE among Czech male (n = 6552) and female (n = 4131) junior tennis players and to identify possible differences in birthdate effect between male and female players. The research was carried out in players registered in the years 2007–2016 in the U14 age category in Czech Tennis Association (CTA) database; the athletes were divided into three subgroups (‘Ranked’, ‘Top 100’, ‘Top 10’). Research data were analysed by the methods of descriptive and inferential statistics: relative and absolute frequency, chi-square goodness of fit test () and chi-square test of independence () with the use of effect size (ES index w). A declining tendency of frequencies from Q1 to Q4 between male and female junior players was proven in all three subgroups.In the whole period of 2007–2016, a significant and strong RAE was demonstrated only in the ‘Top 10’ male subgroup (RAE was significant and ES was small or trivial in the other two subgroups). Among the female players, RAE was significant in all three subgroups (ES was small or trivial). Gender differences in RAE in favour of male players were significant in ‘Top 100’ and ‘Ranked’ (ES was small or trivial in all three subgroups). In the short and long term, RAE can have significant implications for the sport development of athletes; both coaches and the professional public can therefore be recommended to pay attention to this issue. The impact of RAE in sport, i.e. the uneven distribution of athletes’ birthdates, is more pronounced especially among junior athletes and often significantly affects their sports development and career.

scholarly journals Preferred Learning Styles of Professional Undergraduate and Graduate Athletic Training Students

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Thon ◽  
Pamela Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Athletic Training Students ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Student Learning Style

Context Recognizing the preferred learning style of professional undergraduate and graduate athletic training students will equip educators to more effectively improve their teaching methods and optimize student learning. Objective To determine the preferred learning style of professional undergraduate and graduate athletic training students using Marshall and Merritt's Student Learning Style Questionnaire based on Kolb's theory of experiential learning. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Colleges with Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education accredited professional undergraduate and/or graduate athletic training programs. Patients or Other Participants Four hundred twenty-nine students (men = 125, women = 303, not available = 1) from 88 professional undergraduate programs and 69 students (men = 27, women = 42) from 21 professional graduate programs. Intervention(s) A 40-item Student Learning Style Questionnaire (LSQ) was administered. Participants chose between words that were characteristic of how they learn. After scoring the LSQ, the learning style preferences were determined. The styles were Diverger, Assimilator, Converger, or Accommodator. Main Outcome Measure(s) Learning Style Questionnaire survey scores were used to determine the preferred learning style of male and female professional undergraduate athletic training students, male and female professional graduate athletic training students, and any significant differences between learning styles. The χ2 goodness of fit test and χ2 test of independence were used to compare differences between the groups. Results A significant difference (P ≤ .0001) was observed between learning styles. The Diverger style was preferred by both professional undergraduate and graduate athletic training students. We found no significant difference in preferred learning style between the undergraduate and graduate student groups or between men and women. Conclusions Although undergraduate and graduate athletic training students have a variety of learning styles, the Diverger style of learning, which relies on concrete experience and reflective observation, was preferred in our study. Educators should provide learning opportunities in a variety of ways to reach all preferred learning styles.

Validation of the CASUS score in Tunisian patients: a quality management tool in intensive care units

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Besbes ◽  
S Mleyhi ◽  
J Sahli ◽  
M Messai ◽  
J Ziadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Roc Curve ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Cardiovascular Surgery ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Tunisian Population ◽  
Correct Classification ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
A Value

Abstract Background Early prediction of patients at highest risk of a poor outcome after cardiovascular surgery, including death can aid medical decision making, and adapt health care management in order to improve prognosis. In this context, we conducted this study to validate the CASUS severity score after cardiac surgery in the Tunisian population. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study conducted among patients who underwent cardiac surgery under extracorporeal circulation during the year 2018 at the Cardiovascular Surgery Department of La Rabta University Hospital in Tunisia. Data were collected from the patients hospitalization records. The discrimination of the score was assessed using the ROC curve and the calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test and then by constructing the calibration curve. Overall correct classification was also obtained. Results In our study, the observed mortality rate was 10.52% among the 95 included patients. The discriminating power of the CASUS score was estimated by the area under the ROC curve (AUC), this scoring system had a good discrimination with AUC greater than 0.9 from postoperative Day 0 to Day 5.From postoperative day 0 to day 5, the Hosmer-Lemeshow's test gave a value of chi square test statistic ranging from 1.474 to 8.42 and a value of level of significance ranging from 0.39 to 0.99 indicating a good calibration. The overall correct classification rate from postoperative day 0 to day 5 ranged from 84.4% to 92.4%. Conclusions Despite the differences in the profile of the risk factors between the Tunisian population and the population constituting the database used to develop the CASUS score, we can say that this risk model presents acceptable performances in our population, attested by adequate discrimination and calibration. Prospective and especially multicentre studies on larger samples are needed before definitively conclude on the performance of this model in our country. Key messages The casus score seems to be valid to predict mortality among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Multicenter study on larger sample is needed to derive and validate models able to predict in-hospitals mortality.

Goodness-of-fit test with a robustness feature

Test ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiming Jiang ◽  
Mahmoud Torabi
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test

scholarly journals The Sex Determination Cascade in the Silkworm

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Xu Yang ◽  
Kai Chen ◽  
Yaohui Wang ◽  
Dehong Yang ◽  
Yongping Huang
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Primary Signal ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Working Mechanisms

In insects, sex determination pathways involve three levels of master regulators: primary signals, which determine the sex; executors, which control sex-specific differentiation of tissues and organs; and transducers, which link the primary signals to the executors. The primary signals differ widely among insect species. In Diptera alone, several unrelated primary sex determiners have been identified. However, the doublesex (dsx) gene is highly conserved as the executor component across multiple insect orders. The transducer level shows an intermediate level of conservation. In many, but not all examined insects, a key transducer role is performed by transformer (tra), which controls sex-specific splicing of dsx. In Lepidoptera, studies of sex determination have focused on the lepidopteran model species Bombyx mori (the silkworm). In B. mori, the primary signal of sex determination cascade starts from Fem, a female-specific PIWI-interacting RNA, and its targeting gene Masc, which is apparently specific to and conserved among Lepidoptera. Tra has not been found in Lepidoptera. Instead, the B. mori PSI protein binds directly to dsx pre-mRNA and regulates its alternative splicing to produce male- and female-specific transcripts. Despite this basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sex determination, the links among the primary signals, transducers and executors remain largely unknown in Lepidoptera. In this review, we focus on the latest findings regarding the functions and working mechanisms of genes involved in feminization and masculinization in Lepidoptera and discuss directions for future research of sex determination in the silkworm.

scholarly journals Joint Modeling of Precipitation and Temperature Using Copula Theory for Current and Future Prediction under Climate Change Scenarios in Arid Lands (Case Study, Kerman Province, Iran)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mesbahzadeh ◽  
M. M. Miglietta ◽  
M. Mirakbari ◽  
F. Soleimani Sardoo ◽  
M. Abdolhoseini
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Joint Modeling ◽  
Copula Function ◽  
Gaussian Copula ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Copula Theory ◽  
Precipitation And Temperature

Precipitation and temperature are very important climatic parameters as their changes may affect life conditions. Therefore, predicting temporal trends of precipitation and temperature is very useful for societal and urban planning. In this research, in order to study the future trends in precipitation and temperature, we have applied scenarios of the fifth assessment report of IPCC. The results suggest that both parameters will be increasing in the studied area (Iran) in future. Since there is interdependence between these two climatic parameters, the independent analysis of the two fields will generate errors in the interpretation of model simulations. Therefore, in this study, copula theory was used for joint modeling of precipitation and temperature under climate change scenarios. By the joint distribution, we can find the structure of interdependence of precipitation and temperature in current and future under climate change conditions, which can assist in the risk assessment of extreme hydrological and meteorological events. Based on the results of goodness of fit test, the Frank copula function was selected for modeling of recorded and constructed data under RCP2.6 scenario and the Gaussian copula function was used for joint modeling of the constructed data under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.

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