Growth of three oak species during establishment of an agroforestry practice for watershed protection

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjith P Udawatta ◽  
Pekka Nygren ◽  
Harold E Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Watershed Protection ◽  
Rooting Pattern ◽  
Agroforestry Practice ◽  
Bur Oak ◽  
Swamp White Oak ◽  
Sapling Survival ◽  
Agroforestry Practices

Tree species that provide early benefits for farmers can serve to increase the adoption of temperate agroforestry practices. Growth of pin (Quercus palustris Muenchh.), swamp white (Quercus bicolor Willd.), and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.) saplings was evaluated in an agroforestry practice designed for watershed protection in northern Missouri, USA, to identify species that provide early productive and protective functions. Large, containerized oak seedlings were planted in the center of 4.5-m-wide contour grass-legume strips established at 22.8- to 36.5-m intervals on a 4.44-ha watershed with a corn (Zea mays L.) – soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation. Sapling survival, height, and diameter growth were annually recorded during five growing seasons. Branch and leaf mass were also recorded in the two last measuring years. Preliminary assessment of rooting pattern was made based on the relative abundance of horizontal and vertical main roots. Mean shoot growth rate of pin oak was the highest during the whole study period, while swamp white and bur oak grew at the same rate until the fourth growing season. During the fifth growing season, growth rate of bur oak was the lowest. The root system of pin oak appears to be concentrated close to the tree, thus strengthening the buffer strips and competing least with the crop. The shallow root system of swamp white oak may best scavenge leaching nutrients from subsurface flow, thus reducing nonpoint source pollution. Sapling survival, growth rate, and rooting pattern suggest that pin oak and swamp white oak have a better potential for agroforestry practices in the Midwest than bur oak.

scholarly journals Screening Oak Hybrids for Tolerance to Alkaline Soils

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Bryan R. Denig ◽  
Patrick F. Macrae ◽  
Xian Gao ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Bur Oak ◽  
Swamp White Oak ◽  
Cold Hardy

This study evaluated a diverse range of oak (Quercus) hybrids for tolerance to alkaline soils, which is a common site condition in urban landscapes that often limits the growth and longevity of many tree species. Different oak hybrids display varying severities of iron-deficiency induced leaf chlorosis when grown in a highly alkaline medium. Severity of leaf chlorosis was found to vary between different maternal parent species, with the results suggesting that hybrids with the maternal parents Q. macrocarpa (bur oak), possibly Q. muehlenbergii (chinkapin oak), and Q. ‘Ooti’ (ooti oak), are more likely to maintain healthy green leaf color when growing in a highly alkaline medium. These findings suggest that breeders interested in developing oak hybrids that are both cold-hardy and tolerant of alkaline soils should utilize these species in their crosses, and avoid Q. bicolor (swamp white oak), hybrids of which were generally found to be intolerant of alkaline soil. This study is one phase of a long-term project underway at Cornell University's Urban Horticulture Institute to select superior urban-tolerant cultivars of oak hybrids for future introduction into the horticulture industry.

scholarly journals Cutting Back Stock Plants Promotes Adventitious Rooting of Stems of Quercus bicolor and Quercus macrocarpa

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Naalamle Amissah ◽  
Nina Bassuk
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Stock Plant ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Quercus Macrocarpa ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Plant Group ◽  
Bur Oak ◽  
Quercus Bicolor ◽  
Swamp White Oak

Abstract Studies were conducted to investigate the severity of cutting back stock plants on adventitious rooting of layered stems and stem cuttings of Quercus bicolor Willd. (swamp white oak) and Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (bur oak). Rooting averaged 77% in Q. bicolor and 70% in Q. macrocarpa layered stems from the cutback stock plant group, compared to air layered stems from intact plants which averaged 1% in Q. bicolor and 0% in Q. macrocarpa. In another experiment cuttings were taken from three stock plant heights [4 cm (1.6 in), or 100 cm (39.4 in) stumps and intact plants ∼ 170 cm (66.9 in)] which were either etiolated or grown in natural light and rooted under mist. The best rooting (59%) and average number of roots (9.3) were found in etiolated Q. bicolor cuttings taken from 4 cm (1.6 in) stumps. Q. macrocarpa cuttings rooted poorly with only 7% of the cuttings rooting. By taking cuttings a week earlier for rooting (2 weeks, at the softwood stage), rooting in Q. macrocarpa was possible, with the best rooting (46%) found in etiolated cuttings taken from 4 cm (1.6 in) stumps. Overall, the highest rooting and greatest number of roots occurred in etiolated layers and cuttings from the 4 cm cutback group. Rooting generally increased with increasing extent of stock plant cutback

scholarly journals On-farm trees are a safety net for the poorest households rather than a major contributor to food security in Rwanda

Food Security ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Ndoli ◽  
Athanase Mukuralinda ◽  
Antonius G. T. Schut ◽  
Miyuki Iiyama ◽  
Jean Damascene Ndayambaje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Agroforestry Practice ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Agroforestry Practices

AbstractThe world is challenged to meet the food demand of a growing population, especially in developing countries. Given the ambitious plans to scale up agroforestry in Africa, an improved understanding of the effect of agroforestry practices on the already challenged food security of rural households is crucial. The present study was undertaken to assess how on-farm trees impacted food security in addition to other household income sources in Rwanda. In each of the six agroecologies of Rwanda, a stratified sampling procedure was used where two administrative cells (4th formal administrative level) were selected in which households were randomly selected for interviews. A survey including 399 farmers was conducted and farmers were grouped in three types of agroforestry practice (i) low practitioners (LAP) represented by the first tertile, (ii) medium practitioners (MAP) represented by the second tertile and (iii) high practitioners (HAP) represented by the third tertile of households in terms of tree number. Asset values, household income sources, crop production, farm size, crop yield, and food security (food energy needs) were quantified among the types of agroforestry practice. A larger proportion of HAP households had access to adequate quantity and diversity of food when compared with MAP and LAP households. Food security probability was higher for households with more resources, including land, trees and livestock, coinciding with an increased crop and livestock income. We found no difference in asset endowment among types of agroforestry practices, while farmers in agroecologies with smaller farms (0.42 ha to 0.66 ha) had more on-farm trees (212 to 358 trees per household) than farms in agroecologies with larger farms (0.96 ha to 1.23 ha) which had 49 to 129 trees per household, probably due to differences in biophysical conditions. A positive association between tree density and food security was found in two out of six agroecologies. The proportion of income that came from tree products was high (> 20%) for a small fraction of farmers (12%), with the more food insecure households relying more on income from tree products than households with better food security status. Thus, tree income can be percieved as a “safety net” for the poorest households.

Reassessment of Maximum Growth Rates for C3 and C4 Crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Similar Difference ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiencies

SUMMARYFigures for maximum crop growth rates, reviewed by Gifford (1974), suggest that the productivity of C3 and C4 species is almost indistinguishable. However, close inspection of these figures at source and correspondence with several authors revealed a number of errors. When all unreliable figures were discarded, the maximum growth rate for C3 stands fell in the range 34–39 g m−2 d−1 compared with 50–54 g m−2 d−1 for C4 stands. Maximum growth rates averaged over the whole growing season showed a similar difference: 13 g m−2 d−1 for C3 and 22 g m−2 d−1 for C4. These figures correspond to photosynthetic efficiencies of approximately 1·4 and 2·0%.

Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) and Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) Populations and Fisheries of the Red Lakes, Minnesota, 1930–75

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1774-1783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd L. Smith Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Commercial Fishery ◽  
Class Strength ◽  
Parent Stock ◽  
Catch Statistics

In an investigation of the commercial fishery of Red Lakes, Minnesota, for the 46-yr period 1930–75, catch statistics were analyzed, and the dynamics of the perch and walleye populations were examined. Mean annual yields of walleye for two statistical periods, 1930–53 and 1954–75, were 309,900 and 245,100 kg, respectively for walleyes, and 96,400 and 109,500 kg for perch. Annual abundance (CPE based on average catches per day per 5-net units of gill nets) varied from 3.8 to 64.6 kg for walleye, and from 2.5 to 34.4 kg for perch. Causes of fluctuations in harvestable stock were directly related to strength of year-classes and to growth rate during the season of capture. Year-class strength was not related to the abundance of parent stock or of potential predators. The respective strengths of year-classes of perch and walleye in the same year were positively correlated (r = 0.859, P < 0.01), and are directly related to climatic factors. Growth rate of walleye in different calendar years varied from +30.7 to −42.2% of mean growth, and that of perch from +13.4 to −8.6% (1941–56). Growing season began in mid-June and was almost over by September 1. Walleye yield could be enhanced by starting harvest July 1 instead of early June. Perch yield could be improved by harvesting small perch. Key words: Percidae, Perca, population dynamics, Stizostedion, long-term yield

scholarly journals Seed mass effects on germination and growth of diverse European Scots pine populations

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.B. Reich ◽  
J. Oleksyn ◽  
M.G. Tjoelker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Turkish Population ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Mass Effects

Seedlings of 24 European Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) populations were grown in controlled environment chambers under simulated photoperiodic conditions of 50 and 60°N latitude to evaluate the effect of seed mass on germination and seedling growth characteristics. Seeds of each population were classified into 1-mg mass classes, and the four classes per population with the highest frequencies were used. Photoperiod had minimal influence on seed mass effects. Overall, seed mass was positively related to the number of cotyledons and hypocotyl height. Populations differed significantly in seed mass effect on biomass. In northern populations (55–61°N), dry mass at the end of the first growing season was little affected by seed mass. However, dry mass in 9 of 15 central populations (54–48°N) and all southern (<45°N) populations correlated positively with seed mass. Relative growth rate was not related to seed mass within or across populations, and thus early growth is largely determined by seed mass. Relative growth rate also did not differ among populations, except for a geographically isolated Turkish population with the highest seed mass and lowest relative growth rate. After one growing season, height was positively correlated (r2 > 0.6) with seed mass in 15 populations. To check the duration of seed mass effects, height growth of 1- to 7-year-old field experiments established with the same seed lots were compared. Seed mass effects on height were strongest for 1-year-old seedlings and declined or disappeared by the age of 5–7 years among central and southern populations, but remained stable over that time in northern populations.

Comparing the Missouri Gravel Bed and a Wood Chip Production Method for Tree Growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelby Fite ◽  
Liza Holmes ◽  
Elden LeBrun
Keyword(s):  
Wood Chip ◽  
Production Method ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
System A ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Quercus Bicolor ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Swamp White Oak ◽  
Bare Root

Tree root defects from current nursery production practices influence short- and long-term tree performance and survivability. The Missouri Gravel Bed (MGB) system, a production method using gravel as a substrate, has been used to prevent many of these defects from occurring. MGB production involves planting bare root stock into a bed of gravel with frequent drip irrigation in order to produce a root system with relatively few defects. MGB production methods have also been purported to allow for summer transplanting of many species, as opposed to traditional dormant transplanting.Because gravel has low water- and nutrient-holding capacity, biochar (5% by volume) was incorporated into one plot as a possible means of improving both water- and nutrient-holding capacity over gravel alone. Wood chip mulch was also investigated as a growing substrate in place of the gravel in a growing system. In 2015, three species, Quercus bicolor (swamp white oak), Taxodium distichum (baldcypress), and Tilia cordata (littleleaf linden), were studied in pea gravel (PG), biochar-amended pea gravel (BC), and wood chip mulch bed (MB) growing environments. Very few differences occurred over the growing season with above- or belowground parameters indicating that the minimal-to-no-cost, more readily available substrate of wood chip mulch should be considered in these growing systems.

Soil properties and growth of swamp white oak and pin oak on bedded soils in the lower Missouri River floodplain

2005 ◽  
Vol 204 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 315-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Kabrick ◽  
Daniel C. Dey ◽  
J.W. Van Sambeek ◽  
Michael Wallendorf ◽  
Michael A. Gold
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Missouri River ◽  
White Oak ◽  
River Floodplain ◽  
Swamp White Oak

Growth and Development of Organic Arsenical-Susceptible and -Resistant Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Biotypes Under Noncompetitive Conditions

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Haigler ◽  
Billy J. Gossett ◽  
James R. Harris ◽  
Joe E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Growth Development

The growth, development, and reproductive potential of several populations of organic arsenical-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) common cocklebur biotypes were compared under noncompetitive field conditions. Plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and relative growth rate (RGR) were measured periodically during the growing season. Days to flowering, bur dry weight, and number of burs per plant were also recorded. Arsenical S- and R-biotypes were similar in all measured parameters of growth, development, and reproductive potential. Populations within each biotype varied occasionally in plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and reproductive potential.

Growth rate rather than growing season length determines wood biomass in dry environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Ren ◽  
Emanuele Ziaco ◽  
Sergio Rossi ◽  
Franco Biondi ◽  
Peter Prislan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Growing Season Length
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