Carbon rentals and silvicultural subsidies for private forests as climate policy instruments

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 2541-2551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Uusivuori ◽  
Jani Laturi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Private Forests ◽  
Age Class ◽  
The Government ◽  
Privately Owned

A forest model with an endogenous growth description and age-class structure is applied to study the impacts of potential climate policy instruments on the carbon services of privately owned and managed forests. The model describes the behaviour of a utility-maximizing private nonindustrial landowner who optimizes consumption flow, harvest timing, and the intertemporal allocation of silvicultural investments. Two policy options, one in which the landowner is granted periodic carbon rental payments and one in which the government subsidizes the costs of silvicultural investments, are studied. The rules for when the policy measures have both intended and unintended effects are derived. Using numerical examples, we demonstrate that the effectiveness of both policy options depends on the age-class structure of forests when future carbon benefits are discounted. In that case, carbon rental payments are more effective for forests with old age-class structures, while silvicultural subsidies are more effective for forests with young age-class structures.

scholarly journals Systematization and Classification of the European Union’s policy Instruments for the Implementation of the Green Dealсис

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-56
Author(s):  
Irina Popova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Carbon Regulation ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Environmental Transformation

In 2019, the new European Commission (EC) presented its vision for climate and environmental transformation in Europe and beyond in its communication on the Green Deal. The Green Deal covers all sectors of the economy, elaborates a new concept for economic growth with climate goals at its centre, and implies a review of current EU climate and climate-related policies. An analysis of the instruments for the Green Deal’s implementation and internationalization and their classification and systematization shows a wider picture of the whole complex of available and suggested new policy tools. It also clarifies the role of each of the initiatives and assesses more precisely their importance and potential for influencing the global climate agenda and relations with the Russian Federation. The analysis further reveals the balance of costs and benefits for the sectors and actors involved. The purpose of this study is to systematize the complex of the Green Deal’s implementation instruments and assess the balance of various measures in the EU’s menu of policy options. The EU’s influence on the global agenda and the interests of other countries, including Russia, is not limited to the introduction of the carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), which was widely covered and analyzed as a never before applied trade and climate policy tool with potential to influence global competition. Upcoming new rules to enter the European market, including through sustainable product requirements, could affect the interests of other countries even more. This influence will also be amplified by the regulatory frameworks and rules on emerging markets, such as for climate-neutral technologies and energy sources. Analysis of the initiatives suggests that the measures may be quite burdensome, especially for citizens, while the system of redistribution and compensation is not yet sufficiently developed in terms of financing and administration. Some initiatives significantly increase the transaction and administrative costs for all market participants (exporters, importers, European companies, and consumers) with fairly limited emissions reductions on a global scale. Despite these drawbacks, the Green Deal remains the most comprehensive, elaborate, detailed and ambitious initiative aimed at reaching the net-zero target. Other actors have their own reasoning for tougher climate policy, but the influence and pressure of the Deal increases the ambition of their goals and encourages them to consider the implementation of various policy options, including strict carbon regulation. Therefore, the new EU policy could become a model to identify the best solutions and practices, as well as a catalyst for global climate transition.

Danish Industrial Policy: Persistent Liberalism

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Chr. Sidenius
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Industry ◽  
Response Policy

ABSTRACTDanish industrial policy reflects a ‘liberalistic’ paradigm, with industrial subsidies being general rather than selective, and based on profitability. There was an increase in the number of industrial policy instruments introduced in the second half of the 1970s, and in particular there seems to have been an increase in subsidies for technological innovation. The amount of money allocated for industrial subsidies has increased, especially during the economic recession. However, Danish industrial policy can only be conceived of as a crisis response policy in a relatively diffuse way, with only a few arrangements directly targetted at firms in difficulties, whereas most aim at making the surviving firms expand, innovate and increase their exports. Similarly, with few exceptions Danish industrial policy can be seen as anticipatory only in a very general way. The administration of industrial policy is characterised by close cooperation between state, industry and labour in tripartite boards and committees that take decisions about the administration of industrial policy or advise the government. The widespread use of such tripartite bodies hampers changes in industrial policy because all partners have to acquiesce in the changes. Innovation in Danish industrial policy is likely to be a gradual process, with most existing arrangements surviving, and a desultory increase in the use of more selective measures.

scholarly journals Reconciliation of anti-money laundering instruments and European data protection requirements in permissionless blockchain spaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Karasek-Wojciechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Terrorist Financing ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level

AbstractThis article is an attempt to reconcile the requirements of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and anti-money laundering and combat terrorist financing (AML/CFT) instruments used in permissionless ecosystems based on distributed ledger technology (DLT). Usually, analysis is focused only on one of these regulations. Covering by this research the interplay between both regulations reveals their incoherencies in relation to permissionless DLT. The GDPR requirements force permissionless blockchain communities to use anonymization or, at the very least, strong pseudonymization technologies to ensure compliance of data processing with the GDPR. At the same time, instruments of global AML/CFT policy that are presently being implemented in many countries following the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force, counteract the anonymity-enhanced technologies built into blockchain protocols. Solutions suggested in this article aim to induce the shaping of permissionless DLT-based networks in ways that at the same time would secure the protection of personal data according to the GDPR rules, while also addressing the money laundering and terrorist financing risks created by transactions in anonymous blockchain spaces or those with strong pseudonyms. Searching for new policy instruments is necessary to ensure that governments do not combat the development of all privacy-blockchains so as to enable a high level of privacy protection and GDPR-compliant data processing. This article indicates two AML/CFT tools which may be helpful for shaping privacy-blockchains that can enable the feasibility of such tools. The first tool is exceptional government access to transactional data written on non-transparent ledgers, obfuscated by advanced anonymization cryptography. The tool should be optional for networks as long as another effective AML/CFT measures are accessible for the intermediaries or for the government in relation to a given network. If these other measures are not available and the network does not grant exceptional access, the regulations should allow governments to combat the development of those networks. Effective tools in that scope should target the value of privacy-cryptocurrency, not its users. Such tools could include, as a tool of last resort, state attacks which would undermine the trust of the community in a specific network.

A stochastic characterisation of the natural disturbance regime of the boreal mixedwood forest with implications for sustainable forest management

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen W Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Boreal Mixedwood Forest ◽  
Random Draw ◽  
Negative Exponential ◽  
Burn Rate

The annual area burned on an 8.6 × 106 ha study area in the boreal mixedwood forest of northeastern Alberta, Canada, was characterised as a serially independent random draw from a lognormal distribution. This characterisation was applied in Monte Carlo simulations, which showed that estimates of the mean annual burn rates, even with long sample periods, are highly imprecise. Monte Carlo simulation was also used to simulate the development of a forest subject to lognormally distributed annual burn rate in an attempt to characterise the equilibrium age-class structure. No equilibrium age-class structure could be identified from the simulation results. The validity of equilibrium age-class distribution models (e.g., the negative exponential and Weibull) and analysis that relies on these models is questioned for forests where the annual burn rate is highly variable.

Dancing across Borders: ‘Exotic Dancers,’ Trafficking, and Canadian Immigration Policy

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Macklin
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Temporary Work ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Exotic Dancers ◽  
Discursive Analysis ◽  
Canadian Immigration ◽  
The Government

This article analyzes a Canadian immigration program that authorizes issuance of temporary work visas to ‘exotic dancers.’ In response to public criticism that the government was thereby implicated in the transnational trafficking of women into sexual exploitation, Citizenship and Immigration Canada retained the visa program de jure but eliminated it de facto. Using a legal and discursive analysis that focuses on the production of female labor migrants variously as workers, as criminals and as bearers of human rights, the article argues that the incoherence of Canadian policy can only be rendered intelligible when refracted through these different lenses. The article concludes by considering policy options available to the state in addressing the issue.

Corporate social responsibility between public policy and enterprise policy

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bredgaard
Keyword(s):  
Market Integration ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Business And Society ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Unemployed

In spite of – or maybe precisely because of – its inherent vagueness, ambiguity and multidimensionality, CSR has increasingly come into vogue with the EU institutions, national governments and numerous European companies. This article identifies four types of CSR approaches: (1) CSR between business and society (e.g. the US approach); (2) CSR in business (e.g. HRM within firms); (3) CSR between business and government (e.g. the European Commission's approach) and (4) CSR between employment policy and business (e.g. the Danish approach). Denmark, which provides the case study of the article, typifies an approach to CSR in which the government and social partners have played an active role in promoting CSR and where initiatives have focused narrowly on employers’ responsibilities for the recruitment, training, development and dismissal of labour. The Danish case thus allows for a discussion of the role of public authorities and social partners in CSR, a discussion often neglected in mainstream CSR literature. The main question addressed in the article is how links can be created between policy instruments and business interests in order to reduce workplace exclusion and promote the labour market integration of the unemployed and inactive. We propose a framework that transcends the dichotomy between voluntarism and coercion that characterises much of the CSR discussion by suggesting different, but complementary, roles of public authorities and social partners in CSR.

scholarly journals Land Policy Instruments in Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Bhandari Chhetri
Keyword(s):  
Research Study ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Corporate Sector ◽  
Corporate Financing ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
The Government ◽  
Operational Constraints

Corporate mobilization can be made realistic if policy facilitation is provided by the government sector. This research study aimed at exploring the possibility of a mechanism that will attract substantial investments from the private sector by mobilizing the existing capital market. To do so, the research within its objective framework examined the essential policy framework from the literature review, the existing legal, financial and planning and housing policies posing impediments to the prospective participation of the corporate sector in land and housing activities. This included but not necessarily restricted to the land administration, land legislatives, cadastral mapping system and current planning techniques used and the operational constraints it would pose upon the prospective mobilization of the corporate financing in land and housing development. The research study then finally intended to arrive at the framework that could possibly facilitate or promote corporate finance in land and housing sector in a greater way. The finding from the research is then translated into a framework for increased participation for corporate sector in land and housing that chiefly included following aspects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v10i1.10880Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2014, pp. 69–79

scholarly journals Implementation of Distance Learning and Assessment in Kindergarten in Emergency Circumtances

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Purnamasari ◽  
Anggraeni Heru ◽  
Fera Herawati
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Blended Learning ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Regional Administration ◽  
The Government ◽  
Teachers And Parents

This study aims to get a clearer picture of distance learning (DL) in kindergarten and its assessment, to provide recommendations for policy options related to DL in kindergarten to optimizing students' development and abilities in the emergency. This study was randomly sampling subjects, which are principals, teachers, and parents who had kindergarten-age children. The data collection was through interviews, documentation, and questionnaires deployed by Google form. The results of this study showed that the best format of DL in kindergarten is blended. The assessment for this blended learning that can be done both by teacher and parents are by using communication forum and checklist sheets. Policy options for DL in kindergarten are the use of package modules/books, home visits, activity sheets, television and radio, and the coordination of the government at central and regional administration, and education stakeholders. These policy options become necessary because of the quality of DL based on the knowledge and skills of the teacher/parents that corresponds to the child's developmental stage. DL in kindergarten is the fulfillment of education rights to children in any circumstances. This effort optimizing the children's development of abilities and potential as expected

scholarly journals Economic policy and confidence of economic agents – a causal relationship?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-484
Author(s):  
Silvo Dajčman
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Consumer Confidence ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Business Confidence ◽  
The Government

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to study whether innovations in monetary and fiscal policy are a leading indicator of future business and consumer confidence and reverse applying the panel Granger causality analysis to two periods in the history of the euro area: before and after the start of the Great Recession. The results show that Granger causality interaction between the confidence of economic agents and the stance of monetary policy (measured by the shadow rate) is stronger than between the former and the fiscal policy instruments. The European Central Bank (ECB) shadow rate innovations Granger caused business and consumer confidence in both periods, but also indicators of confidence Granger caused the shadow rate. No such feedback could be established between two fiscal policy instruments (government expenditure and revenue growth) and the indicators of confidence. Government spending and revenues Granger caused business confidence in the first subperiod, but not in the second subperiod when the causality reversed. The government revenues Granger caused consumer confidence in the first subperiod, while government expenditures in the second subperiod. Consumer confidence Granger caused government spending in the first subperiod.

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