Partial cutting reduces species richness of fungi on woody debris in oak-rich forests

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1807-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Nordén ◽  
Frank Götmark ◽  
Martin Ryberg ◽  
Heidi Paltto ◽  
Johan Allmér
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
And Control ◽  
Total Species

Partial cutting is increasingly applied in European temperate oak-dominated forests for biofuel harvesting, and to counteract succession in protected stands. Effects on biodiversity of these measures need to be carefully evaluated, and species-rich but neglected taxa such as fungi should be considered. We studied the effects of partial cutting on fungal fruiting bodies on woody debris. In 21 closed canopy forests rich in large oaks in Sweden, on average 25%–30% of the basal area was cut. Fruiting bodies were counted and some were collected in treated and control plots before and after treatment. We found 334 basidiomycete and 47 ascomycete species. Species richness of basidiomycetes declined significantly more in treated plots (on average 26%) than in control plots (on average 13%) between seasons. Species richness of ascomycetes increased by 17% in control plots and decreased by 2% in treated plots. Total species richness was significantly reduced on fine woody debris (1–10 cm in diameter), but not on coarse woody debris (>10 cm). Overall species composition did not change significantly as a result of partial cutting, but red-listed species tended to decrease more in treated plots. We suggest that approximately 30% of the stands should not be thinned, and dead stems and fallen branches should not be removed, to favor saproxylic fungi and their associated fauna.

Relative abundance and species richness of cerambycid beetles in partial cut and uncut bottomland hardwood forests

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2100-2108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patti Newell ◽  
Sammy King
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
Bottomland Hardwood ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Bottomland Hardwood Forests ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Cerambycid Beetles

Partial cutting techniques are increasingly advocated and used to create habitat for priority wildlife. However, partial cutting may or may not benefit species dependent on deadwood; harvesting can supplement coarse woody debris in the form of logging slash, but standing dead trees may be targeted for removal. We sampled cerambycid beetles during the spring and summer of 2006 and 2007 with canopy malaise traps in 1- and 2-year-old partial cut and uncut bottomland hardwood forests of Louisiana. We captured a total of 4195 cerambycid beetles representing 65 species. Relative abundance was higher in recent partial cuts than in uncut controls and with more dead trees in a plot. Total species richness and species composition were not different between treatments. The results suggest partial cuts with logging slash left on site increase the abundance of cerambycid beetles in the first few years after partial cutting and that both partial cuts and uncut forest should be included in the bottomland hardwood forest landscape.

scholarly journals Mistletoe as a keystone resource: an experimental test

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1743) ◽  
pp. 3853-3860 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Watson ◽  
Matthew Herring
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Total Species ◽  
Keystone Resource

Various entities have been designated keystone resources, but few tests have been attempted and we are unaware of any experimental manipulations of purported keystone resources. Mistletoes (Loranthaceae) provide structural and nutritional resources within canopies, and their pervasive influence on diversity led to their designation as keystone resources. We quantified the effect of mistletoe on diversity with a woodland-scale experiment, comparing bird diversities before and after all mistletoe plants were removed from 17 treatment sites, with those of 11 control sites and 12 sites in which mistletoe was naturally absent. Three years after mistletoe removal, treatment woodlands lost, on average, 20.9 per cent of their total species richness, 26.5 per cent of woodland-dependent bird species and 34.8 per cent of their woodland-dependent residents, compared with moderate increases in control sites and no significant changes in mistletoe-free sites. Treatment sites lost greater proportions of birds recorded nesting in mistletoe, but changes in species recorded feeding on mistletoe did not differ from control sites. Having confirmed the status of mistletoe as a keystone resource, we suggest that nutrient enrichment via litter-fall is the main mechanism promoting species richness, driving small-scale heterogeneity in productivity and food availability for woodland animals. This explanation applies to other parasitic plants with high turnover of enriched leaves, and the community-scale influence of these plants is most apparent in low productivity systems.

Fine woody debris is important for species richness on logs in managed boreal spruce forests of northern Sweden

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1295-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Kruys ◽  
Bengt Gunnar Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Fine Woody Debris ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Total Species

Species richness of wood-inhabiting cryptogams was compared on fine woody debris (FWD; diameter 5-9 cm) and coarse woody debris (CWD; diameter [Formula: see text]10 cm) logs of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Data were collected from managed boreal forests of northern Sweden. Species richness was higher on CWD than FWD when equal numbers of logs were compared. When equal surface areas were compared, species richness on FWD and CWD did not differ. When equal volumes of CWD and FWD were compared, FWD had more species. This was an effect of surface area and log quantity, as a certain volume of FWD was composed of more logs and had greater surface area than the same volume of CWD. We varied woody debris volume and proportion of FWD in a simulation model of species richness on logs. At low volumes of woody debris, species richness increased with the proportion of FWD. At higher log volumes, species richness increased with the proportion of CWD. In managed forests where there are small amounts of woody debris, FWD is important for the total species richness on logs and should not be neglected despite the fact that species richness is generally positively correlated with log diameter.

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial Use of Even-Aged Reproduction Stands by Bird Communities in Central Pennsylvania

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C. Talbott ◽  
Richard H. Yahner
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Overstory Trees ◽  
Total Species

Abstract In 1992, the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry adopted a new forest management practice known as even-aged reproduction with reservation (EAR), which replaces clearcutting on state forestlands. The EAR guidelines mandate the retention of at least 12 trees/ha and 24–36 m2/ha of basal area, representing a diversity of overstory and understory species. During summer 1998, we compared the temporal (breeding season vs. mid-summer) and spatial (edge versus interior) use of EAR stands by birds. In addition, we compared observed vs. expected use of overstory trees in EAR stands. In each of ten representative EAR stands, we sampled birds twice per season along two-edge and two-interior transects. Total species richness and abundance (all species combined), species richness and abundance of ground-shrub foragers, and species richness of canopy-sallier foragers were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the breeding season than in mid-summer. Eight of 20 common bird species analyzed also were significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant during the breeding season (e.g., black-and-white warbler and chestnut-sided warbler), and one species was significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant during mid-summer. Total species richness, total abundance, and abundance of ground-shrub foragers were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in interiors compared to edges of EAR stands. Five species also were significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant in interiors of EAR stands, whereas no species was more common in edges. All species combined and three foraging guilds showed differential use (P < 0.05) of overstory tree species; eight species also differed significantly in their use of abundant tree species. Based on our findings, we believe that EAR stands are excellent substitutes for clearcuts on state forestlands, although we caution that our findings were based only on one yr of data. We recommend the continued retention of a diversity of overstory trees, especially snags and rough-barked trees, in both edges and interiors of EAR stands for use by a variety of bird species during both the breeding season and mid-summer. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):117–123.

scholarly journals Fish species diversity in headwaters streams of Paraguay and Paraná Basins

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yzel Rondon Súarez ◽  
Sabrina Bigatão Valério ◽  
Karina Keyla Tondado ◽  
Alexandro Cezar Florentino ◽  
Thiago Rota Alves Felipe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Paraná Basin ◽  
Parana Basin ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Total Species ◽  
Fish Species Diversity

The influence of spatial, temporal and environmental factors on fish species diversity in headwater streams in Paraguay and Paraná basins, Brazil was examined. A total of 4,605 individuals were sampled, distributed in 60 species. The sampled streams in Paraná basin presented a larger total species richness (42) than Paraguay streams (40). However the estimated richness was larger in Paraguay basin (53) than Paraná streams (50). The streams of Paraná basin had a greater mean species richness and evenness, while more individuals per sample were found in the Paraguay basin. Difference between the sub-basins were found in the Paraguay basin, while for the basin of Paraná, richness and evenness vary significantly between the sub-basins, but the number of individuals varied seasonally. The most important environmental factors to species diversity and abundance were altitude, water temperature, stream width and stream depth for both the basins.

scholarly journals Increased mosquito abundance and species richness in Connecticut, United States 2001–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya A. Petruff ◽  
Joseph R. McMillan ◽  
John J. Shepard ◽  
Theodore G. Andreadis ◽  
Philip M. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Total Species

Abstract Historical declines in multiple insect taxa have been documented across the globe in relation to landscape-level changes in land use and climate. However, declines have either not been universally observed in all regions or examined for all species. Because mosquitoes are insects of public health importance, we analyzed a longitudinal mosquito surveillance data set from Connecticut (CT), United States (U.S.) from 2001 to 2019 to identify changes in mosquito community composition over time. We first analyzed annual site-level collections and metrics of mosquito community composition with generalized linear/additive mixed effects models; we also examined annual species-level collections using the same tools. We then examined correlations between statewide collections and weather variables as well as site-level collections and land cover classifications. We found evidence that the average trap night collection of mosquitoes has increased by ~ 60% and statewide species richness has increased by ~ 10% since 2001. Total species richness was highest in the southern portion of CT, likely due to the northward range expansion of multiple species within the Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, and Psorophora genera. How the expansion of mosquito populations in the northeast U.S. will alter mosquito-borne pathogen transmission in the region will require further investigation.

scholarly journals Responses of boreal ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) to different logging regimes during ten years of secondary succession

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Koivula
Keyword(s):  
Term Effect ◽  
Ecological Group ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Open Habitat ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Control ◽  
Total Species

Many biological responses may develop over long periods of time, and annual community variation should therefore be controlled in ecological research. We sampled carabid beetles over ten years in Norway spruce dominated forests in Southern Finland, harvested using replicated logging treatments of different intensities. We collected carabids in 1995 (prior to logging) and during four post-harvest seasons, 1996-98 and in 2006. The treatments were clear-cutting (no retained trees), modified clear-cutting (retention of three groups of 20-30 trees within one-hectare core) and gap cutting (three 0.16-ha openings within a one-hectare core), and control (mature unharvested forest). Carabids showed remarkable annual and regional variation at assemblage, ecological-group and species levels, such that was independent of treatments. The total species richness, and that of open-habitat carabids, were higher in cleared sites of all treatments than in control stands in 1997-1998 but not in 2006, suggesting that the logging response was ephemeral by many species. The abundances of forest and generalist carabids were little affected by logging. Open-habitat carabids were more abundant in clear-cuts and modified clear-cuts than in gap cuts, which was still detectable in 2006, suggesting a long-term effect. Open-habitat carabids were less abundant in retention sites of modified clear-cuts and gap cuts than in cleared sites, suggesting that retention attenuates assemblage change. Carabid assemblages of logged stands did not differ from control stands in 1996 but they did in 1997-1998, suggesting a one-year delay in logging response. Carabids showed remarkable annual and regional variation at assemblage, ecological-group and species levels, such that was independent of treatments. The total species richness, and that of open-habitat carabids, were higher in cleared sites of all treatments than in control stands in 1997-1998 but not in 2006, suggesting that the logging response was ephemeral by many species. The abundances of forest and generalist carabids were little affected by logging. Open-habitat carabids were more abundant in clear-cuts and modified clear-cuts than in gap cuts, which was still detectable in 2006, suggesting a long-term effect. Open-habitat carabids were less abundant in retention sites of modified clear-cuts and gap cuts than in cleared sites, suggesting that retention attenuates assemblage change. Carabid assemblages of logged stands did not differ from control stands in 1996 but they did in 1997-1998, suggesting a one-year delay in logging response. In 2006, logged and control stands hosted relatively similar assemblages which, together with the above results, suggests a partial faunal recovery. We conclude that even modest retention provides long-term support for forest carabids, but also that their full assemblage recovery takes longer than 10 years.

The Westphalian–Stephanian macrofloral record from the South Wales Coalfield, UK

2007 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER J. CLEAL
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
The South ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Total Species

The South Wales Coalfield has the most complete Westphalian macrofloral record anywhere on the Variscan Foreland or adjacent basins, with 135 biodiversity-meaningful morphospecies having been recognized. All of the standard macrofloral biozones of the Westphalian Stage have been recognized, although a detailed comparison with the Central Pennines Coalfields has indicated some discrepancies in the relative positions of the biozonal boundaries. Total Species Richness progressively increases through the Langsettian Substage, and then remains relatively stable through most of the Duckmantian and Bolsovian substages. There is a distinct reduction in Total Species Richness towards the top of the Bolsovian Substage, but this partially recovers in the middle Asturian Substage with the appearance of a range of marattialean ferns, and medullosalean and callistophytaleans pteridosperms. There is no evidence of any significant drop in Total Species Richness towards the top of the succession, indicating that conditions at this time were relatively stable. The change from coastal floodplain to alluvial braidplain conditions in middle Bolsovian times correlates with a marked increase in the proportion of medullosalean remains being preserved in the adpression record, reflecting an expansion of the clastic-substrate habitats.

Conservation value of koa (Acacia koa) reforestation areas on Hawaii Island

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Laurie Strommer ◽  
Sheila Conant
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Acacia Koa ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Hawaii Island

Efforts to restore forests for ecological and economic benefit in Hawaii are converging on koa (Acacia koa), an endemic dominant or codominant canopy tree common across broad elevation and moisture gradients. We quantified plant species composition and forest structure in koa reforestation areas (KRAs) and in nearby intact native forest on Hawaii Island. Total species richness and percentage native species richness were lower in the plantation forests than in the intact forests, although species richness in the KRAs at one site was not significantly different from that in intact forest. Tree, sapling, and seedling densities differed between KRAs and forest sites at one site. At another, the native forest and one KRA had similar tree and seedling densities and similar canopy height and percentage canopy cover. Total stand basal area was greatest in the intact forest at both sites, although the basal area for the KRAs at one site exceeded those for intact forest at the other. Koa plantings can be structurally similar to intact forests though species composition differs. Our results suggest that koa forestry can facilitate native understorey development in some cases.

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