Assessing the climatic potential for epizootics of the gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in the North Central United States

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1958-1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan W. Siegert ◽  
Deborah G. McCullough ◽  
Robert C. Venette ◽  
Ann E. Hajek ◽  
Jeffrey A. Andresen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Spring Temperature ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Entomophaga Maimaiga

The fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu et Soper has become an important biocontrol for gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar (L.)) in the northeastern United States and is commonly introduced into new areas with established gypsy moth populations. Germination of the fungus is dependent on spring temperature and moisture, but specific conditions associated with epizootics have not been determined. Whether E. maimaiga will be as effective in other regions that experience different weather conditions is not yet known. We examined similarity of weather conditions associated with 16 documented E. maimaiga epizootics with conditions at 1351 North American locations using the climate-matching software CLIMEX. Based on CLIMEX’s overall index of climatic similarity, long-term annual climatic patterns across much of the eastern United States were 60%–80% similar to the conditions associated with epizootics. Monthly weather records from 1971 to 2000 in nine North Central states were examined to compare precipitation and temperature with conditions observed during epizootics. Based on climatic averages identified with the documented epizootics, temperature and precipitation conditions in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, and Ohio were more conducive for epizootics than conditions in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, which were likely to support E. maimaiga epizootics in fewer than 6 of the 30 years considered.

An Observational Examination of Long-Lived Supercells. Part I: Characteristics, Evolution, and Demise

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Bunkers ◽  
Mark R. Hjelmfelt ◽  
Paul L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Bow Echo ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Convective Mode

Abstract Observations of supercells and their longevity across the central and eastern United States are examined, with the primary focus on understanding the properties of long-lived supercells (defined as supercells lasting ≥4 h). A total of 224 long-lived supercells, occurring in 184 separate events, are investigated. These properties are compared with those of short-lived supercells (lifetimes ≤2 h) to determine the salient differences between the two classifications. A key finding is that long-lived supercells are considerably more isolated and discrete than short-lived supercells; as a result, the demise of a long-lived supercell (i.e., the end of the supercell phase) is often signaled by a weakening of the storm’s circulation and/or a rapid dissipation of the thunderstorm. In contrast, short-lived supercells commonly experience a demise linked to storm mergers and convective transitions (e.g., evolution to a bow echo). Also noteworthy, 36% of the long-lived supercell events were associated with strong or violent tornadoes (F2–F5), compared with only 8% for the short-lived supercell events. Evolutionary characteristics of long-lived supercells vary geographically across the United States, with the largest contrasts between the north-central United States and the Southeast. For example, 86% of the long-lived supercells across the north-central United States were isolated for most of their lifetime, whereas only 35% of those in the Southeast displayed this characteristic. Not surprisingly, the convective mode was discrete for 70% of the long-lived supercell events across the north-central United States, compared with 39% for the Southeast.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from Multiple Crops in the North Central United States

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e0139188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Aldrich-Wolfe ◽  
Steven Travers ◽  
Berlin D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Central United States

Relation of algal biovolume to chlorophyll a in selected lakes and wetlands in the north-central United States

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. LaBaugh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Linear Relation ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Central United States

Algal chlorophyll a is commonly used as a surrogate for algal biomass. Data from three lakes in western Nebraska, five wetlands in north-central North Dakota, and two lakes in north-central Minnesota represented a range in algal biovolume of over four orders of magnitude and a range in chlorophyll a from less than 1 to 380 mg∙m−3. Analysis of these data revealed that there was a linear relation, log10 algal biovolume = 5.99 + 0.09 chlorophyll a (r2 = 0.72), for cases in which median values of chlorophyll a for open-water periods were less than 20 mg∙m−3. There was no linear relation in cases in which median chlorophyll a concentrations were larger than 20 mg∙m−3 for open-water periods, an occurrence found only in shallow prairies lakes and wetlands for years in which light penetration was the least.

Processing Snap Bean Variety Responses to Applied Nitrogen and Irrigation in the North Central United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 1401-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Matthew D. Ruark ◽  
Amanda J. Gevens ◽  
Don T. Caine ◽  
Amanda L. Raster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Bean Variety ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Applied Nitrogen
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