Sprouting ability of advance growth in undisturbed hardwood stands

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Powell ◽  
E. H. Tryon
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
High Quality ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Good Ability ◽  
Sprouting Ability ◽  
Mature Stands

We studied eight species of hardwoods to evaluate their ability to produce seedling sprouts (trees with stems that sprouted from a stump less than 2 in. (5 cm) in diameter at ground level) in the advance growth of undisturbed, mature stands on high-quality upland sites in West Virginia. The most reliable criterion used to measure this ability was the percentage of seedling sprouts, which indicated relatively good ability for white oak and black cherry; intermediate ability for dogwood, hickory, and white ash; and relatively poor ability for red maple, northern red oak, and sugar maple. Since the two oaks were at opposite ends of the spectrum, the results suggest that factors other than the ability to produce seedling sprouts may explain the growth of virtually pure oak stands on high-quality sites.

scholarly journals Testing Lake States TWIGS: Five-Year Growth Projections for Upland Hardwoods in Northern Lower Michigan

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Guertin ◽  
C. W. Ramm
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Lake States

Abstract Five-year diameter growth, basal area growth, and mortality for five upland hardwood species in northern Lower Michigan were compared to projections from Lake States TWIGS. The species studied were northern red oak, white oak, other red oak (pin oak and black oak combined), sugar maple, and red maple. The validation data consisted of individual tree measurements from 44 stands across 10 ecological land types on the Manistee National Forest. The stands were measured in 1986 and 1991; during this time interval stands experienced a drought and outbreaks of leaf defoliators. For individual dbh classes, 5 yr diameter growth was predicted within ± 0.3 in. for all species. Mean errors for BA projections were within ± 5 ft²/ac for all species, and mean error for trees/ac ranged from - 33 for other red oak to + 16 for sugar maple. Although precision was variable, Lake States TWIGS provided accurate predictions of 5 yr diameter growth for the five species tested. Projections of mortality were less accurate. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):00-00.

scholarly journals Verticillium Wilt of Ailanthus altissima: Susceptibility of Associated Tree Species

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (11) ◽  
pp. 1158-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Schall ◽  
Donald D. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
White Ash ◽  
South Central ◽  
Invasive Tree

Verticillium albo-atrum causes unprecedented wilt and mortality of the invasive tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) within forests of south-central Pennsylvania. Stem inoculation of potted Ailanthus seedlings in the greenhouse and canopy Ailanthus trees in the field with V. albo-atrum resulted in 100% mortality. Stem inoculation of understory striped maple saplings in the field also resulted in 100% mortality. However, the high susceptibility of striped maple was not observed in naturally infected stands, where only 1% of striped maple saplings exhibited Verticillium wilt. Inoculation of chestnut oak, northern red oak, red maple, sugar maple, white ash, and yellow-poplar seedlings or canopy trees with V. albo-atrum did not induce wilt symptoms. Non-Ailanthus tree species growing adjacent to dead and dying Ailanthus trees in the field were asymptomatic. Pending further studies, V. albo-atrum should be considered as a potential biocontrol agent for invasive Ailanthus.

22-Year Growth of Four Planted Hardwoods

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Laurane Stout
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Forest Landowners ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Preferred Species

Abstract Planting of northern hardwood species interests forest landowners and managers who wish to continue growing pure or nearly pure stands of high-value species, enhance old-field conversion to preferred species, or reforest areas where natural regeneration has failed. Little data on planted hardwoods can be found, however. This paper reports on 22 years of growth of a northern hardwood plantation established in 1961 containing red maple, black cherry, sugar maple, and white ash. The data show that plantings of these species can succeed on good sites with weed control over the first few years, protection from animal predators, and close initial spacing. North. J. Appl. For. 3:69-72, June 1986.

scholarly journals Effects of Oak Decline on Species Composition in a Northern Arkansas Forest

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Heitzman
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Oak Decline ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak

Abstract Since 1999, widespread and locally severe oak decline and mortality have occurred throughout the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. A contributing factor in the decline and mortality is an outbreak of the red oak borer [Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)]. In northern Arkansas, a 2,150 ac mature oak forest severely affected by decline was selected as a case study to describe changes in species composition and stand structure and to assess regeneration potential of oaks and non-oak species. Mortality reduced total overstory basal area from 105 to 57 ft2/ac, and overstory density decreased from 156 to 89 trees/ac. Most dead and dying trees were northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.). Basal area and density of overstory red oaks were reduced from 51 to 11 ft2/ac and from 60 to 11 trees/ac, respectively. These trees died regardless of dbh class. Mortality was less common in white oak (Q. alba L.) and was generally limited to smaller trees. Understory trees and taller seedlings were predominantly red maple (Acer rubrum L.), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). Oaks less than 3 ft tall were abundant, but taller oak seedlings and saplings were uncommon. Tree mortality increased the proportion of white oak and hickories (Carya spp.) in the overstory, and stimulated a regeneration response of mostly non-oak species. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):264–268.

scholarly journals Radial growth of hardwoods following the 1998 ice storm in New Hampshire and Maine

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin T Smith ◽  
Walter C Shortle
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Class A ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

Ice storms and resulting injury to tree crowns occur frequently in North America. Reaction of land managers to injury caused by the regional ice storm of January 1998 had the potential to accelerate the harvesting of northern hardwoods due to concern about the future loss of wood production by injured trees. To assess the effect of this storm on radial stem growth, increment cores were collected from northern hardwood trees categorized by crown injury classes. For a total of 347 surviving canopy dominant and subdominant trees, a radial growth index was calculated (mean annual increment for 1998–2000 divided by the mean annual increment for 1995–1997). Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) categorized in injury class A (crown loss of less than one-half) had mean growth index values of approximately 1.0, indicating no loss of mean radial growth after 3 years. For injury class B (crown loss of one-half to three-quarters) and class C (crown loss greater than three-quarters), growth index values significantly decreased for sugar maple, yellow birch, and red maple. For white ash, growth index values of classes B and C were not significantly different from those of class A trees. Growth index values of A. saccharum and A. rubrum in injury class C were the lowest of those measured. These results indicated that the severity of growth loss due to crown injury depends on tree species and crown replacement as well as the extent of crown loss.

scholarly journals Methods to Evaluate Host Tree Suitability to the Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott W. Ludwig ◽  
Laura Lazarus ◽  
Deborah G. McCullough ◽  
Kelli Hoover ◽  
Silvia Montero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Anoplophora Glabripennis ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Asian Longhorned Beetle ◽  
White Oak ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Tulip Poplar

Abstract Two procedures were evaluated for assessing tree susceptibility to Anoplophora glabripennis. In the first procedure, adult beetles were caged with a section of sugar maple, northern red oak, white oak, honeylocust, eastern cottonwood, sycamore or tulip poplar wood. Results showed that females laid viable eggs on sugar maple, red oak, white oak and honeylocust. Oviposition did not occur on cottonwood, sycamore, or tulip poplar. Eighty-seven percent of the first instar larvae survived in white oak, followed by sugar maple (82%), honeylocust (50%), and red oak (39%). In the second procedure, first instar larvae were manually inserted into potted sugar maple, green ash, and red oak trees and allowed to feed for 60 or 90 days. Significantly more larvae survived for 90 days within the red oak (67%) compared to green ash (17%). Larvae recovered from red oak weighed significantly more than larvae from sugar maple or green ash. Larval survival was positively related to height of insertion. These results indicate: 1) controlled laboratory and greenhouse-based procedures can be used to assess tree suitability to A. glabripennis and 2) A. glabripennis will oviposit and larvae can develop in northern red oak for up to 90 days, suggesting that this species may be a potential host.

Lower Bole Diameter and Volume of Four Appalachian Hardwoods

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry V. Wiant ◽  
Thomas B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Appalachian Hardwoods

Abstract Coefficients are provided for estimating dbh from stump measurements and estimating diameter and volume from groundline to dbh for northern red oak, white oak, red maple, and yellow-poplar. North. J. Appl. For. 4:212, December 1987.

scholarly journals Regeneration Potential of Six Habitat Types Common to North-Central Wisconsin

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N. Bakken ◽  
James E. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
North Central ◽  
Seedling Size ◽  
Variable Nature

Abstract The arboreal regeneration of 24 mature, fully stocked forests distributed among 6 common habitat types (Kotar et al. 1988) in north-central Wisconsin were studied. Nineteen of the stands were inventoried in 1992 and 1993; in 1993 an additional 5 stands were included. The density and composition of small (<25 cm) and large (25-150 cm) seedlings were determined, and the relationships of the understory and overstory were investigated. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were found for seedling densities of either size class among habitat types. This was due, in part, to the large variation within most habitat types; this in turn is primarily a function of the temporally variable nature of seedlings. The average densities per habitat type ranged from 3,125-20,200/ha for large seedlings and from 20,208-152,083/ha for the small seedlings. Red and sugar maple strongly dominated the regeneration. Red maple was the most common (88-96%) species in the small seedling size class on the three driest habitat types, and sugar maple (88-99%) on the two most mesic habitat types. In the middle of the site quality gradient, the two maples shared dominance with northern red oak. The level of maple dominance was lower in the large seedling class, ranging from 53-93%. The small seedling size class was significantly related to the amount of maple basal area each year, but the strength of this relationship weakened from 1992 to 1993. The widespread domination by red and sugar maple is a function of their regeneration ecology, shade tolerance, fire suppression, and deer browsing. The seedling composition and densities have important implications for the management of these forests. The regeneration and overstory characteristics suggest that it would be easiest to direct the composition one of several ways on the PMV and AVVib habitat types. Fairly heavy overstory treatments, in conjunction with seedbed preparation, are probably necessary to regenerate significant amounts of species other than sugar maple on the two most mesic habitat types. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3):116-123.

scholarly journals Height-Diameter Equations for Select New Hampshire Tree Species

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Fast ◽  
Mark J. Ducey
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Bartlett Experimental Forest

Abstract Height-diameter equations are important in modeling forest structure and yield. Twenty-seven height-diameter equations were evaluated for eight tree species occurring in the northern hardwood forest of New Hampshire using permanent plot data from the Bartlett Experimental Forest. Selected models with associated coefficients are presented for American beech, eastern hemlock, paper birch, red maple, red spruce, sugar maple, white ash, yellow birch, and all 16 species combined.

scholarly journals Measuring Stocking in Northern Red Oak Stands in Wisconsin

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. McGill ◽  
Robert Rogers ◽  
A. Jeff Martin ◽  
Paul S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Objective Basis

Abstract Stocking equations and charts for stands dominated by northern red oak were developed from data collected on 66 plots in 52 northern red oak stands in Wisconsin. In all plots, northern red oak was the dominant species. Tolerant species such as sugar maple and red maple usually formed a subcanopy. We used the tree-area ratio method for measuring stocking. However, we treated the tolerant subcanopy as a separate component of stocking. This facilitated defining average maximum relative stand density (100% stocking)for the main canopy or the main canopy and subcanopy combined.This approach is based on the assumption that shade tolerant species can exploit resources in spatial strata that are unexploited by the mid-tolerant red oak. The resulting stocking equations and charts can provide an objective basis for evaluating stocking of northern red oak stands in Wisconsin.North. J. Appl. For. 16(3):144-150.

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