scholarly journals Height-Diameter Equations for Select New Hampshire Tree Species

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Fast ◽  
Mark J. Ducey
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Bartlett Experimental Forest

Abstract Height-diameter equations are important in modeling forest structure and yield. Twenty-seven height-diameter equations were evaluated for eight tree species occurring in the northern hardwood forest of New Hampshire using permanent plot data from the Bartlett Experimental Forest. Selected models with associated coefficients are presented for American beech, eastern hemlock, paper birch, red maple, red spruce, sugar maple, white ash, yellow birch, and all 16 species combined.

Growth responses of seven major co-occurring tree species of the northeastern United States to elevated CO2

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1479-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Bazzaz ◽  
J. S. Coleman ◽  
S. R. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Harvard Forest ◽  
Paper Birch

We examined how elevated CO2 affected the growth of seven co-occurring tree species: American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr). We also tested whether the degree of shade tolerance of species and the age of seedlings affected plant responses to enhanced CO2 levels. Seedlings that were at least 1 year old, for all species except beech, were removed while dormant from Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Seeds of red maple and paper birch were obtained from parent trees at Harvard Forest, and seeds of American beech were obtained from a population of beeches in Nova Scotia. Seedlings and transplants were grown in one of four plant growth chambers for 60 d (beech, paper birch, red maple, black cherry) or 100 d (white pine, hemlock, sugar maple) under CO2 levels of 400 or 700 μL•L−1. Plants were then harvested for biomass and growth determinations. The results showed that the biomass of beech, paper birch, black cherry, sugar maple, and hemlock significantly increased in elevated CO2, but the biomass of red maple and white pine only marginally increased in these conditions. Furthermore, there were large differences in the magnitude of growth enhancement by increased levels of CO2 between species, so it seems reasonable to predict that one consequence of rising levels of CO2 may be to increase the competitive ability of some species relative to others. Additionally, the three species exhibiting the largest increase in growth with increased CO2 concentrations were the shade-tolerant species (i.e., beech, sugar maple, and hemlock). Thus, elevated CO2 levels may enhance the growth of relatively shade-tolerant forest trees to a greater extent than growth of shade-intolerant trees, at least under the light and nutrient conditions of this experiment. We found no evidence to suggest that the age of tree seedlings greatly affected their response to elevated CO2 concentrations.

22-Year Growth of Four Planted Hardwoods

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Laurane Stout
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Forest Landowners ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Preferred Species

Abstract Planting of northern hardwood species interests forest landowners and managers who wish to continue growing pure or nearly pure stands of high-value species, enhance old-field conversion to preferred species, or reforest areas where natural regeneration has failed. Little data on planted hardwoods can be found, however. This paper reports on 22 years of growth of a northern hardwood plantation established in 1961 containing red maple, black cherry, sugar maple, and white ash. The data show that plantings of these species can succeed on good sites with weed control over the first few years, protection from animal predators, and close initial spacing. North. J. Appl. For. 3:69-72, June 1986.

Canker formation and decay in sugar maple and paper birch infected by Cerrenaunicolor

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Enebak ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Hardwood Tree ◽  
Xylem Discoloration

Cerrenaunicolor (Bull.: Fr.) Murr. (= Daedaleaunicolor) (Aphyllophorales, Polyporaceae) was found to cause a canker rot on two northern hardwood tree species, sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.). Pathogenicity of the fungus was determined by inoculation and examination of cankers 6 months, 1.5 years, and 2.5 years later. The two isolates used were found to differ in pathogenicity. Chemical and morphological barriers formed to compartmentalize the fungus. A zone of enhanced cell wall lignification and the formation of suberized impervious cells which composed the necrophylactic periderm in the host were observed. Xylem discoloration, callus formation, and periderm layers were more pronounced in maple than in birch. Cerrenaunicolor moved past host barriers via a mass of hyphae which annually penetrated weak points in the necrophylactic periderm and subsequently killed the adjacent cambium. Once past the necrophylactic periderm and into the xylem, C. unicolor was an aggressive decay organism which caused an extensive white rot. In naturally infected trees, columns of decay were two or three times longer than the cankers. Multiple zones of decayed and discolored wood were present in the xylem as a result of repeated attacks by the fungus.

scholarly journals Effects of Small Patch Cutting on Sugar Maple Regeneration in New Hampshire Northern Hardwoods

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Leak
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Small Patch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Single Tree Selection ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Logging Disturbance

Abstract In many northern hardwood stands in New Hampshire and New England, partial cutting or single-tree selection results in understories with a high proportion of beech and other species with low timber values. Patch cutting, using small openings of about 1/4-ac in size or larger coupled with sufficient logging disturbance, has proved to be an effective way to replace understories of beech and other less valuable species with a new stand containing a high proportion of yellow and paper birch in mixture with other deciduous species. Unless present as well-developed advanced regeneration, sugar maple is seldom common in the new stands produced by small patch cutting. However, when these early successional stands reach 40–50 years of age, understories dominated by sugar maple and with lesser proportions of beech frequently develop, possibly due to the rich leaf-fall, lower proportions of beech litter, and/or changed light conditions. Although small patch cutting may not immediately regenerate abundant sugar maple, it appears as though this technique may help over time to maintain sugar maple as a significant component of northern hardwood forests. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):68–70.

Concentrations of Ca and Mg in early stages of sapwood decay in red spruce, eastern hemlock, red maple, and paper birch

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 957-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin T. Smith ◽  
Walter C. Shortle ◽  
Jody Jellison ◽  
Jon Connolly ◽  
Jonathan Schilling
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Paper Birch

The decay of coarse woody debris is a key component in the formation of forest soil and in the biogeochemical cycles of Ca and Mg. We tracked changes in density and concentration of Ca and Mg in sapwood of red maple ( Acer rubrum L.), red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.), paper birch ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) in Maine and New Hampshire. We repeatedly sampled 10 logs of each combination of tree species and location at the time of felling and at 2-year intervals for 6 years (birch and hemlock) or 8 years (spruce and maple). We found that density loss was essentially linear for the time period investigated, with birch and maple sapwood decaying at faster rates than spruce and hemlock. Repeated-measures analysis and regression modeling of log-transformed concentrations indicated a significant accumulation of Ca for sapwood of all tree species at both locations (30%–90% increase after 6–8 years of ground contact). Regression estimates of Mg concentration in spruce and maple declined about 20% during the 8 years of ground contact. There was no significant trend for Mg concentration in birch and hemlock. Variation in decay rates and trends in Ca and Mg concentration may be due to differences in sapwood quality, the community of wood decay fungi and associated organisms, or to abiotic conditions.

Effects of Weed Species on Northern Hardwood Regeneration in New Hampshire

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Leak
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Regeneration stocking of northern hardwoods following cutting is difficult to assess because of limited information on the impact of dominating weed species. Measurements on more than 1,500 milacres were taken 8 years after cutting by commercial clearcutting, diameter limit, moderate and light selection. Milacres dominated by striped maple or hobblebush were respectively, ¼ to ⅓ or ¼ to ⅔ nonstocked with established commercial species. Milacres dominated by pin cherry showed no reduction in stocking of commercial tree species when compared to milacres without dominating weeds. Among individual commercial species, sugar maple and white ash showed the least response to dominating weed competition. The results provide preliminary guidelines on evaluating weed competition during regeneration surveys. North. J. Appl. For. 5:235-237, December 1988.

Seed Storage and Germination Under Northern Hardwood Forests

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Marquis
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Sowing Seed ◽  
And Storage

The species, quantities, and germination of tree seed stored in the forest floor beneath five northern hardwood stands in Pennsylvania were determined by counting seed found in blocks of forest floor material and running germination tests on them, by burying seed in soil organic layers and observing germination and storage, and by sowing seed on natural seedbeds and observing germination over several years. Quantities of seed in excess of 1 million per acre (2.5 million per hectare) were found to be common, the number of seed of a particular species depending on the number of seed-bearing trees of that species in the overstory and on the length of time seed of that species will remain viable in the forest floor. Sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and American beech normally germinate the year after seed dispersal and do not remain viable in the forest floor. Black cherry, white ash, yellow poplar, red maple, and birch normally germinate over a period of several years after dispersal; and storage in the forest floor for 2 to 5 years is common. Pin cherry seed remain viable in the forest floor for long periods, and large quantities of seed may still be present 30 years or more after pin cherry trees have died out of the overstory.

Regeneration after Strip Cutting and Block Clearcutting in Northern Hardwoods

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wayne Martin ◽  
James W. Hornbeck
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Common Tree

Abstract Regeneration was studied during the first 10 years after clearcutting on two sites in the northern hardwood forest of New Hampshire. One site was a 12-ha block clearcut; the other was a 36-ha progressive strip cut harvested in three phases using 25-m wide strips which approximated one tree height. Permanent plots on each site were measured at intervals of 1 to 4 years. Changes in the density and biomass of the major commercial species and their primary noncommercial competitors are presented. At 10 years after clearcutting, yellow birch was the most common tree on the block clearcut; sugar maple was most numerous on the strip cut. Pin cherry dominated the biomass on the block clearcut and the strips first cut (1970), but yellow birch and sugar maple biomass was greater on the strips cut later (1972 and 1974). North. J. Appl. For. 7:65-68, June 1990.

Silvicultural Management of Beech and the Beech Bark Disease

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ostrofsky ◽  
Maxwell L. McCormack
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Wood Harvesting ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Silvicultural Management ◽  
Paper Birch

Abstract Herbicides were used to control dense, advance reproduction of American beech and sprouting from roots and stumps of harvested beech in a northern hardwood stand in eastern Maine. Beech comprised 51% of the overstory basal area and was highly defective as a result of the beech bark disease. Beech saplings accounted for 80% of the advance reproduction. The herbicides glyphosate (Roundup®) or triclopyr (Garlon 3A®), applied using a backpack mist blower, were effective in reducing advance reproduction of beech by 100% and 93%, respectively. When applied in frills on larger beech six weeks prior to harvesting, glyphosate reduced the number of sprouts, two growing seasons after treatment, by 85%; triclopyr by 87%. Beech individuals believed to be resistant to infestation by the beech scale were left as a component of the residual overstory, along with sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, and paper birch. The two-stage application of herbicides followed by shelter-wood harvesting is a strategy for managing stands dominated by defective beech. North. J. Appl. For. 3:89-91, Sept. 1986.

scholarly journals Verticillium Wilt of Ailanthus altissima: Susceptibility of Associated Tree Species

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (11) ◽  
pp. 1158-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Schall ◽  
Donald D. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
White Ash ◽  
South Central ◽  
Invasive Tree

Verticillium albo-atrum causes unprecedented wilt and mortality of the invasive tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) within forests of south-central Pennsylvania. Stem inoculation of potted Ailanthus seedlings in the greenhouse and canopy Ailanthus trees in the field with V. albo-atrum resulted in 100% mortality. Stem inoculation of understory striped maple saplings in the field also resulted in 100% mortality. However, the high susceptibility of striped maple was not observed in naturally infected stands, where only 1% of striped maple saplings exhibited Verticillium wilt. Inoculation of chestnut oak, northern red oak, red maple, sugar maple, white ash, and yellow-poplar seedlings or canopy trees with V. albo-atrum did not induce wilt symptoms. Non-Ailanthus tree species growing adjacent to dead and dying Ailanthus trees in the field were asymptomatic. Pending further studies, V. albo-atrum should be considered as a potential biocontrol agent for invasive Ailanthus.

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