Response of young black cherry stands to fertilization

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Auchmoody
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth

Twenty fertilizer treatments of different rates and combinations of N, P, and K were established in young black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.) stands that originated after clear-cutting in northwestern Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Height, diameter, and basal area growth rates and foliar nutrient composition were evaluated annually for 5 years thereafter. Nitrogen alone and P in combination with N produced large increases in height, diameter, and basal area growth. The addition of K to N + P treatments produced no additional response. Growth responses were largest during the first 2 years after fertilization, with increases in height and diameter lasting for 4 to 5 years. In year 1, maximum growth rates were reached with 112 kg N/ha and 49 kg P/ha, but 224 kg N/ha and 49 kg P/ha were necessary to sustain responses in following years. Both seedling and sapling stands responded to fertilization with similar absolute annual increases in height and diameter, though absolute basal area response of saplings exceeded that of seedlings owing to large differences in pretreatment diameters. Nitrogen fertilization increased average foliar N from 2.51 to 3.94% in year 1, but this concentration declined sharply thereafter and was at the control level by year 4. Phosphorus fertilization increased average foliar P from 0.12 to 0.21% in year 1, with further increases through year 5. Potassium fertilization increased average foliar K from 1.01 to 1.21% over the 5-year period, though there was considerable year-to-year variation.

Growth and wood quality of young loblolly pine trees in relation to stand density and climatic factors

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Cregg ◽  
P. M. Dougherty ◽  
T. C. Hennessey
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Summer Growth ◽  
Stand Basal Area

A 10-year-old stand of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) in southeastern Oklahoma was thinned to three target basal-area levels: 5.8, 11.5, and 23 m2•ha−1 (control). Specific gravity, latewood percentage, date of transition from earlywood to latewood, growth, and climate variables were measured for 2 years after thinning. Variation in the measured wood properties was more influenced by climatic variation than by the thinning treatments. Diameter growth and per-tree basal-area growth were significantly greater on the thinned treatments both years after thinning. However, stand basal-area growth was greatest on the unthinned treatment. Basal-area growth rates were significantly related to stand basal area, tree size, soil water potential, and air temperature. Early in the summer, growth was positively related to mean daily temperature, while later in the summer, growth was negatively related to mean daily temperature, reflecting the influence of high-temperature stress on growth. A year with high summer rainfall (1984) resulted in wood with a higher percentage of latewood and higher specific gravity than wood produced in a year with low summer rainfall (1985). The date of latewood initiation was significantly related to tree size, soil moisture, and evaporative demand. The date of transition from earlywood to latewood occurred 10–14 days sooner on the unthinned plots in both years. However, annual ring latewood percentage and specific gravity were not significantly affected by thinning. Increased late-season growth rates compensated for the later transition date on the thinned treatments, resulting in no net change in ring latewood percentage due to thinning. The results indicate that individual tree basal-area growth can be increased by thinning without reducing wood density.

Performance of Anthocephaluschinensis in Puerto Rico

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel E. Lugo ◽  
Julio Figueroa
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
The Tropics

The growth of kadam (Anthocephaluschinensis (Lam.) A. Rich. ex Walp.), a fast-growing Asiatic species, was studied under different soil and climatic conditions in Puerto Rico. Plantings included a 10-year-old line planting, a 12.5-year-old plantation, 12 localities with 20-year-old single tree plots, and 1 locality with four 52-year-old trees. Over 600 trees were measured in all. Growth rates were comparable to those of fast-growing species elsewhere in the tropics; e.g., the 12.5-year-old plantation had a volume growth of 27.8 m3•ha−1•year−1 (77% was merchantable wood), a basal area growth of 1.82 m2•ha−1•year−1, and a total aboveground biomass production of 11.5 t•ha−1•year−1. Trees grew well both in plantations and in lines under natural forest. The 20-year-old single tree plots averaged up to 1 m•year−1 in height growth and 53 cm2•year−1 in basal area growth. Highest rates were observed in localities with high annual rainfall (>2500 mm) and with phosphorus- and silt-rich soils of high bulk density and low pH. After 10 years, basal area growth of trees was fastest in volcanic deep clay locations, followed, in order, by trees on volcanic shallow loams, calcareous soils, and plutonic sandy loams. However, basal area growth during the first 5 years was fastest in the plutonic sandy loams and slowest in the calcareous soils. After 20 years, volcanic deep clay soils still supported the fastest basal area growth rate (about 100 cm2•year−1), while the other locations converged at about 30 cm2•year−1. Trees reached maximum height after 20 years (average, 19 m; maximum, 26.5 m). Kadam growth was limited by close spacings (below 2.5 × 2.5 m). Trees exhibited excellent form (ratio of diameter at 1.3 m to diameter at 4.9 m > 0.8). We found no evidence of pest or disease attacks on trees, but noted severe tapering and stem twist in localities having poor growth rates. Results underline the need for caution when making species adaptability assessments in the tropics with short-term (<10 years) data.

Evaluating growth responses to fertilization

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 877-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Auchmoody
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Uniform Field ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Nutrient Effects ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Area Response

When fertilizers increase radial growth rates, they also increase the diameter of trees that will be used to compute future basal area responses. If the mean basal area growth per tree is computed for fertilized trees that are larger than the unfertilized trees, the length of time that fertilizers directly affect growth can be overestimated. In this paper, a model that describes mean basal area responses per tree over time as a function of direct nutrient effects and indirect tree-size effects is suggested. Application of the model to a uniform field fertilization experiment shows that after the 1st year, some or all of the average basal area response of individual trees is due to the difference in size between fertilized and unfertilized trees. To evaluate direct fertilizer responses properly, mean basal area growth per tree must be adjusted for the unequal size of fertilized and unfertilized trees.

Growth responses to commercial thinning in Douglas-fir stands with varying severity of Swiss needle cast in Oregon, USA

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 2394-2402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B Mainwaring ◽  
Douglas A Maguire ◽  
Alan Kanaskie ◽  
Jeff Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Needle Cast ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Swiss Needle Cast

Concern has risen about the degree to which Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands with severe infections of Swiss needle cast (SNC) respond to thinning. A retrospective study was established in the fall of 2001 to assess the growth of Douglas-fir stands that were commercially thinned between 4 and 10 years ago. Current SNC infection levels in these stands ranged from severe to very light. Past volume and basal area growth declined with increasing severity of SNC, as measured by current foliage retention and crown length / sapwood ratio. As has been observed in many other studies, thinning to lower residual stock reduced stand level growth; however, individual tree growth increased with lower residual stand density. The ratio of growth in successive periods and analysis of annual basal area growth since thinning suggested that trees did respond to thinning, although less so as SNC increased. A positive response to thinning, regardless of infection level, was confirmed by an analysis of annual trends in basal area growth over the first 5 years after thinning.

Sap Sweetness Consistency vs. Growth Rates in Young Sugar Maples

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Laing ◽  
Diantha B. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Competitive Growth ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Definite Trend ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth

Abstract Mature sugar maples have been shown in a previous study to be consistent for sap sweetness when ranked against other trees in a population for many years. This study examined sap sweetness in young sugar maples in relation to basal area growth rates. A definite trend toward consistency for sap sweetness was found in young trees although there was greater variability than in mature trees. Reasons for this variability are postulated to be the continuing competitive growth of the younger trees and mortality due to natural causes and/or management. However, the trend toward consistency for sweetness warrants sap testing as a criterion in selecting potential crop trees for sap production. Annual correlations between sap sweetness and growth rates varied with no clear trend. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):5-9, March 1990.

scholarly journals Fertilization Fails to Increase Diameter Growth of Sawlog-size Northern Hardwoods in Upper Michigan

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Stone ◽  
Stephen G. Shetron ◽  
James Peryam
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
And Control

Five hundred individual, sawlog-size crop trees in a selectively managed northern hardwood stand were fertilized with 2.61 kg (5.75 lbs) of N-P-K fertilizer per tree in June 1970. The stand is predominantly sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) growing on a deep silt loam soil of good site quality. Three- and six-year diameter at breast height (dbh) and basal area growth were analyzed by treatment and diameter class. Fertilization did not increase dbh or basal area growth during either measurement period. Mean annual dbh growth of both fertilized and control trees was 0.41 cm (0.16 in.); trees in all diameter classes grew at essentially the same rate. Nearly half of the study trees grew 2.54 cm (1.0 in.) or more during the 6-year period, and fertilization did not change this proportion. Natural supplies of nutrients in good hardwood soils appear adequate for rapid growth of these species. Periodic cuttings maintain superior growth rates and contributes to efficient nutrient cycling. Fertilization is not recommended on sites like this because growth responses are not likely to justify costs.

Field Notes: Predicted Vs. Actual Basal Area Growth in West Virginia

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-222
Author(s):  
Arlyn W. Perkey ◽  
Kenneth L. Carvell
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Field Notes

A New Index Representing Individual Tree Competitive Status

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Moore ◽  
Carl A. Budelsky ◽  
Richard C. Schlesinger
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Competition Index ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Silvicultural Practices ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Area Growth

A new competition index, modified Area Potentially Available (APA), was tested in a complex unevenaged stand composed of 19 different hardwood species. APA considers tree size, spatial distribution, and distance relationships in quantifying intertree competition and exhibits a strong correlation with individual tree basal area growth. The most important characteristic of APA is its potential for evaluating silvicultural practices.

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