Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. II. Available inoculum of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcumgeophilum

Three microsites common to clear-cuts logged by the high-lead method in southeast Alaska were sampled to quantify the occurrence and viability of sclerotia of Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. Undisturbed duff had significantly greater numbers of sclerotia per gram or per cubic centimetre of soil than either exposed mineral soil or rotten wood. There were significantly fewer viable sclerotia per cubic centimetre of rotten wood than in either exposed mineral soil or undisturbed duff. Numbers of viable sclerotia that could contact the root plug of a containerized seedling when it was planted into rotten wood, exposed mineral soil, or undisturbed duff were calculated to be 0.7, 6.1, and 7.2, respectively. Expressing abundance of mycorrhizal propagules by soil volume, rather than weight, is more meaningful when microsites with large differences in soil bulk density are compared.

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Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. IV. Nutrient levels in ectomycorrhizal Sitka spruce seedlings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x87-057 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 340-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Roy C. Sidle ◽

Charles G. Shaw III

Keyword(s):

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Sitka Spruce ◽

Southeast Alaska ◽

Clear Cut ◽

The North ◽

Rotten Wood ◽

North Side ◽

Foliar Concentrations ◽

Nutritional Benefits

Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedlings colonized by the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccarialaccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br., Hebelomacrustuliniforme (Bull, ex St. Amans) Quel., or Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. and a noninoculated control were planted on rotten wood, undisturbed duff, undisturbed duff on the north side of large stumps, and exposed mineral soil in an area recently clear-cut on Chichagof Island, southeast Alaska. Uptake and concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and several micronutrients in foliage, stems, and roots were determined 2 years after outplanting. There were no significant interactions between fungal treatments and microsite types for uptake or concentration of any nutrient. Uptake and concentrations of N and P in foliage and roots did not differ significantly among fungal treatments. Foliar K and Cu concentrations were significantly higher in control seedlings than in those with L. laccata ectomycorrhizae. Calcium was the only nutrient analyzed that was present in higher concentrations in seedlings inoculated with H. crustuliniforme than in controls. Concentrations of foliar P, Mn, and Zn were significantly greater in seedlings grown on undisturbed duff (protected north side) than in seedlings grown on exposed mineral soil. However, foliar concentrations of all nutrients tested were not significantly different between seedlings grown on undisturbed duff (unprotected sites) and those grown on mineral soil. Seedlings grown on rotten wood had significantly greater concentrations of foliar Ca than seedlings grown on either exposed mineral soil or undisturbed duff. The on-site colonization of control seedlings after outplanting indicates that resident ectomycorrhizal fungi readily establish and appear to provide equal if not improved nutrient benefits compared to inoculated seedlings. Greater nutritional benefits were derived by planting on certain microsite types (duff and protected duff) than by inoculating with specific ectomycorrhizal fungi.

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Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. III. Effects of microsite type and ectomycorrhizal inoculation on growth and survival of Sitka spruce seedlings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x87-056 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 334-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Charles G. Shaw III ◽

Roy C. Sidle ◽

Arland S. Harris

Keyword(s):

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Sitka Spruce ◽

Fungal Treatment ◽

Southeast Alaska ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Clear Cut ◽

The North ◽

Rotten Wood ◽

North Side

Hebelomacrustuliniforme (Bull. ex St. Amans) Quel., Laccarialaccata (Scoop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br., and Cenococcumgeophilum (L. ex Fr.) Pers. ex Hooker were established as ectomycorrhizae on container-grown Sitka spruce seedlings. These seedlings and noninoculated controls were planted in rotten wood, exposed mineral soil, undisturbed duff, and undisturbed duff on the north side of large stumps on one clear-cut site in southeast Alaska. At planting, seedling heights differed significantly among fungal treatments: the tallest were those inoculated with C. geophilum, the shortest with H. crustuliniforme. Some height differences persisted after planting, but 3-year height and diameter increments did not differ significantly among fungal treatments and controls. As a percentage of their initial height, seedlings inoculated with L. laccata increased the least in size after 3 years (70%), significantly less than for seedlings with H. crustuliniforme (126%). All test fungi survived for 2 years, but most seedlings were further colonized by one or more on-site ectomycorrhizal fungi, frequently C. geophilum. Regardless of fungal treatment, seedlings in rotten wood had the least percentage increase in height after 3 years (69%), significantly less than the 121% increase for seedlings in undisturbed duff on the north side of stumps. Seedling survival after 3 years was over 92% and did not differ by microsite or fungal treatment. At another clear-cut site, survival of noninoculated seedlings after 3 years was 86% in exposed mineral soil, significantly less than the 98% on all other microsites. Frost heave was the primary cause of mortality. These data suggest that prior colonization by these ectomycorrhizal fungi provides little survival or growth benefit after out planting Sitka spruce seedlings on various microsites in southeast Alaskan clear-cuts. Some improvement in early height growth and survival may be obtained, however, by planting in undisturbed duff, particularly near stumps, and by avoiding exposed mineral soil.

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Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. I. Nutrient status

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x83-001 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Roy C. Sidle ◽

Charles G. Shaw III

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Availability ◽

C:N Ratio ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Western Hemlock ◽

N Availability ◽

Old Growth ◽

Southeast Alaska ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Rotten Wood

Nutrient status was evaluated in the upper 15 cm of three microsite types (rotten wood, exposed mineral soil, and undisturbed duff) common in old-growth western hemlock – Sitka spruce (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) – (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) clear-cuts. Rotten wood had significantly wider C:N ratio (>100:1) than either undisturbed duff (36:1) or exposed mineral soil (31:1), indicating lower nitrogen availability in rotten wood. Higher levels of inorganic [Formula: see text] in <2 mm fraction of rotten wood compared with the 2- to 9.4-mm fraction indicate that N availability increases as decay advances. Available P was low and could be a major factor limiting growth in all microsites. Exchangeable Mg was relatively low (0.0025 mg/cm3) in exposed mineral soil. Microsite nutrient expression on a volumetric rather than a gravimetric basis better represents availability of nutrients to planted seedlings.

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Aspen and white spruce productivity is reduced by organic matter removal and soil compaction

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc2012-058 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 88 (03) ◽

pp. 306-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Richard Kabzems

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Forest Floor ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

White Spruce ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Organic Matter Removal

Declines in forest productivity have been linked to losses of organic matter and soil porosity. To assess how removal of organic matter and soil compaction affect short-term ecosystem dynamics, pre-treatment and year 1, 5 and 10 post-treatment soil properties and post-treatment plant community responses were examined in a boreal trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.)-dominated ecosystem in northeastern British Columbia. The experiment used a completely randomized design with three levels of organic matter removal (tree stems only; stems and slash; stems, slash and forest floor) and three levels of soil compaction (none, intermediate [2-cm impression], heavy [5-cm impression]). Removal of the forest floor initially stimulated aspen regeneration and significantly reduced height growth of aspen (198 cm compared to 472–480 cm) as well as white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) height (82 cm compared to 154–156 cm). The compaction treatments had no effect on aspen regeneration density. At Year 10, heights of both aspen and white spruce were negatively correlated with upper mineral soil bulk density and were lowest on forest floor + whole tree removal treatments. Recovery of soil properties was occurring in the 0 cm to 2 cm layer of mineral soil. Bulk density values for the 0 cm to 10 cm depth remained above 86% of the maximum bulk density for the site, a soil condition where reduced tree growth can be expected.

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Site Preparation Effects on Soil Bulk Density and Pine Seedling Growth

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/5.4.176 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 176-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. J. Stransky

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Site Preparation ◽

Hardwood Forest ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Surface Moisture ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Forest Sites ◽

Density Probe

Abstract Soil bulk density was sampled the first and third growing seasons after site preparation and pine planting on three clearcut pine-hardwood forest sites in eastern Texas. Bulk density was measured 10 cm below the surface of mineral soil using a surface moisture-density probe. Plots that had been KG-bladed and chopped had significantly higher bulk density than those that were burned or left untreated. After 5 years the survival, height, and diameter growth of pines averaged highest on the mechanically treated plots, probably because competition from other woody stems was much less than in the untreated and burned plots.

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Rhizome growth of Calamagrostis canadensis in response to soil nutrients and bulk density

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps96-099 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 545-550 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. M. Landhäusser ◽

K. J. Stadt ◽

V. J. Lieffers ◽

D. H. McNabb

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Nutrient Availability ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Tree Seedlings ◽

Calamagrostis Canadensis ◽

Rhizome Growth ◽

Mineral Soils ◽

Rhizome Biomass ◽

Split Container

In a series of experiments, we investigated rhizome spread and the growth of C. canadensis, as governed by changes in soil bulk density and nutrient availability. The ability of rhizomes originating from vigorous Calamagrostis canadensis plants to penetrate mineral soil with different bulk densities and their response to various nutrient conditions were assessed in a split container experiment. Decreasing biomass and length of rhizomes with increasing soil bulk density showed that clonal expansion of C. canadensis onto areas of exposed mineral soil from adjacent swards was limited mainly by soil bulk density. No nutrient effect on rhizome growth was detectable; the rhizomes were probably well supplied with nutrients by translocation from the mother plant. Results of a second split container experiment indicated that rhizome growth was better in organic than in mineral soils. In a third experiment, entire C. canadensis plants were grown in mineral soil at different levels of soil bulk density and nutrient condition. Here, rhizome biomass and expansion were limited mainly by nutrient availability; however, once the nutritional needs of the plants were met, increasing bulk density reduced the amount of rhizome spread. These results could be useful in reforestation, e.g. selecting those methods of site preparation which reduce the growth and competitive ability of C. canadensis relative to tree seedlings. Key words: Compaction, rhizome, litter, mineral soil, yield, Calamagrostis canadensis

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Soil compaction induced by careful logging in the claybelt region of northwestern Quebec (Canada)

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s97-032 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 197-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

S. Brais ◽

C. Camiré

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Soil Strength ◽

Forest Harvesting ◽

Site Productivity ◽

Wheel Track

Soil compaction induced by forest harvesting operations can reduce site productivity. Intensity, extent and persistence of soil compaction were assessed on fine- to medium- and coarse-textured soils. Severe compaction took place in the wheel track section of the skid trails. On fine- to medium-textured soils, half of the effects on the 0- to 10-cm and 10- to 20-cm mineral soil bulk densities (+11 and +8%) and half of the changes in the 10-cm depth soil strength (+69%) occurred in the course of the first two skidding cycles (cycle of half impact). On coarse soils, half of the effect on the 0- to 10-cm bulk density (+11%) occurred during the first three passes. Cycles of half impact for soil strength were 9, 14, 7 and 6 for the 2.5-, 5-, 10-, and 20-cm depths and corresponded to increases of 235, 402, 157 and 103% respectively. Compaction was more limited between track sections of trails. Six to twelve years following clearcutting on fine- to medium-textured soils, 0- to 10-cm soil bulk density was less in the skid trails than on the undisturbed sections of cutovers. Careful logging on moist, fine- to medium-textured soils is the safest way to limit the extent of soil compaction. On coarse-textured soils, spreading the traffic remains a valid option. Key words: Soil compaction, bulk density, soil strength, forest harvesting, careful logging

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Influence of Saturated Organic Matter on the Accuracy of In-Situ Measurements Recorded with a Nuclear Moisture and Density Gauge

Croatian journal of forest engineering ◽

10.5552/crojfe.2021.762 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Eric R. Labelle ◽

Dirk Jaeger

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Forest Soils ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Organic Layer ◽

Correction Factors ◽

Non Destructive

The impact of machines on forest soils is regularly assessed and quantified using absolute bulk density, which is most frequently obtained by soil cores. However, to allow for repeated measurements at the exact same locations, non-destructive devices are increasingly being used to determine soil bulk density and moisture content in field studies. An example of such a device is a nuclear moisture and density gauge (NMDG), originally designed as a control measurement for soil bulk density and moisture content in geotechnical applications. Unlike road construction or foundation projects that use mineral soil or gravel, forest soils have complex structures and the presence of organic matter, which can skew moisture and density readings from a NMDG. To gain further knowledge in this respect, we performed controlled tests in a sandbox to quantify the influence of varying amounts of saturated organic matter (3, 5, 10, and 15%) mixed with mineral soil in different layers (0–5, 0–10, 0–20 and 0–40 cm) on the accuracy of soil moisture content obtained by a NMDG and soil theta probe at varying depths. Main results illustrated that the presence of saturated organic matter per se was not problematic but moisture content overestimations and related underestimation of dry bulk density occurred when the tested measurement depth was below the created organic layer. Since forest soils often exhibit higher organic matter contents in the upper horizon, correction factors are suggested to minimize the moisture content variations between NMDG and reference method. With the use of correction factors, NMDG can present a non-destructive, fast, and accurate method of measuring soil moisture and bulk density in forestry applications.

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