Root development of container-reared, nursery-grown, and naturally regenerated pine seedlings

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Nichols ◽  
A. A. Alm
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems ◽  
System Size ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stem Size ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Highly Correlated

Root systems of 6- to 10-year-old red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) and jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) trees reared in various containers were excavated from four different sites and studied. Nursery-grown and naturally regenerated trees of similar age and stem size growing on the same sites were used for comparison. Root cross-sectional area (RCSA) taken 5 cm from the stem, a measurement found to be highly correlated (r = 0.94) with root weight (In–In transformation), was used to describe root system size. The average RCSA's of jack pine reared in paper pots, book planters, and nonribbed styroblock-2 containers were smaller than those of naturally regenerated seedlings, but the differences were not statistically significant. Jack pine and red pine reared in Ontario tubes had significantly larger RCSA's than nursery-grown trees. There were some differences in radial distribution of horizontal roots, and the apportionment between horizontal and vertical root components differed between some of the seedling types.

Influence of fertilization on the allometric relations for two pines in contrasting environments

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1704-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stith T. Gower ◽  
Brent E. Haynes ◽  
Karin S. Fassnacht ◽  
Steve W. Running ◽  
E. Raymond Hunt Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Allometric Relations ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of fertilization on the allometric relations for red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) and ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) growing in contrasting climates. After 2 years of treatment, fertilization did not significantly affect the allometric relations between stem or branch mass and stem diameter for either species. For a similar-diameter tree, current foliage mass and area and new twig mass were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine and ponderosa pine. The significant increase in new foliage mass and area occurred in the upper and middle canopy for red pine and middle and lower canopy for ponderosa pine. For a similar-diameter tree, projected (one-sided) leaf area and total foliage mass were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine. However, leaf area and total foliage mass did not differ between similar-diameter fertilized and control ponderosa pine because fertilization decreased leaf longevity. The ratios of leaf area/sapwood cross-sectional area measured at breast height (1.37 m) were 0.14 and 0.11 for control plus fertilized red pine and ponderosa pine, respectively, and were greater (but not significantly) for fertilized than for control trees, while the ratios of leaf area/sapwood cross-sectional area measured at the base of live crown were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine and ponderosa pine.

Nasalance and Nasal Area Values: Cross-Racial Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Mayo ◽  
Lisa A. Floyd ◽  
Donald W. Warren ◽  
Rodger M. Dalston ◽  
Carolyn M. Mayo
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
American English ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Racial Study ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Area Data

Nasometry and nasal cross-sectional area data were obtained from 80 normal male and female speakers (40 African-Americans and 40 white Americans) all of whom were over the age of 18 and spoke the Mid-Atlantic dialect of American English. The nasalance scores for readings of the Zoo Passage did not differ significantly between the groups. However, nasalance scores for readings of the Nasal Sentences were found to be significantly higher among the white speakers. The pressure-flow method was used to obtain nasal cross-sectional area values. There were no racial differences in nasal cross-sectional area. The Nasal Sentences scores were not highly correlated with nasal cross-sectional area. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.

scholarly journals Resistance of Pinus banksiana to the European race of Gremmeniella abietina

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Laflamme ◽  
R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
The North ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
European Race ◽  
Low Incidence

In the early 1980s, more than 90% of mortality caused by Gremmeniella abietina, European race, was recorded in red pine (Pinus resinosa) plantations 200 km northwest of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Surrounding jack pines (Pinus banksiana) did not appear to be affected. Consequently, foresters began to plant the affected areas with jack pine seedlings. In 1988, plots of 100 jack pines were established in three of the four selected plantations. As reference, red pine seedlings were planted in 1989 under similar conditions in the fourth plantation. Observations were carried out annually from 1989 to 1992. Mortality of red pine seedlings reached 70% in 1992 while all jack pines on the three experimental sites were free of the disease except for a tip blight, a distinctive feature allowing race identification in the field. The North American race symptoms were present at a very low incidence, but began to increase on site I in 1992. More than 10 years after planting, the jack pine trees still show resistance to the European race of G. abietina while all the red pines died.

The effect of sonication on the growth of some tree seeds

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pearl Weinberger ◽  
C. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Length Range ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Tree Seeds ◽  
All Treatment

Air-dry seeds of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), red pine (P. resinosa Ait.), tamarack (Larixeuropaea L.), and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) were subjected for 30 min to 1 MHz ultrasound at one of three intensities of ultrasound ranging from 0.5 to 6.0 W/cm2. Subsequent germination was assessed in terms of percent germination, mean daily germination (MDG), and peak velocity of germination (PV). From these, germination values (GV) were obtained. Only jack pine responded to the ultrasonic treatments by giving rise to higher MDG and GV values. The seeds were equally stimulated by all the intensities used. The rates and percent germination of the other tree species were unaffected by any of the sonication treatments. Seeds of jack pine were also sonicated at 25, 50, 100, 250, and 750 kHz at an intensity in the range of 0.5–1.0 W/cm2. None of these treatments affected the course of germination.Subsequent seedling growth of all the seeds in all treatment sets was also monitored by summing the total length of all the seedlings following 8 and 14 days of growth. The seedlings were divided into five length-range categories. The jack pine seedlings alone, sonicated at 1 MHz, had significantly more seedlings in the larger size group than the untreated seedlings.

The anatomy of the leaf of red pine, Pinus resinosa. I. Nonvascular tissues

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2788-2803 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Gambles ◽  
R. E. Dengler
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
General Morphology ◽  
Resin Canals

The general morphology of the secondary needle-leaf of Pinus resinosa and the structure of the dermal and ground tissues are described. An anatomical and ultrastructural study of the mature midregion has shown that the leaf is surrounded by a uniseriate epidermis of dead, thick-walled cells which is subtended by a single layer of living hypodermal cells that contain few recognizable organelles. Plicate mesophyll cells occupy the largest portion of the leaf cross-sectional area. These cells have a thin parietal cytoplasm rich in organelles, surrounding a tannin-filled vacuole. Two resin canals are found in the mesophyll towards the adaxial leaf surface and there may be up to three towards the abaxial surface. The resin canal epithelial cells are living at maturity but their cytoplasm appears metabolically inactive.

scholarly journals Nursery Planting Depth, Mulch Application, and Root Pruning at Landscape Planting Affect Tree Health and Anchorage

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Ball Surface ◽  
Root Collar

Influence of root collar depth in a nursery root ball and potential root remediation when planting into the landscape are subject of increasing research. Mulch placement on root ball surface at planting has also been called into question recently. Trees planted deeply in nursery containers required ≥41% more time to remove substrate and roots growing over the root collar at planting than trees planted shallowly. Circling roots on trees planted from 170 L containers persisted for five growing seasons after planting into the landscape unless remediated by pruning at planting. Root remediation improved Ulmus and Acer root systems by dramatically reducing percent trunk circled with roots without influencing post-planting xylem potential, crown growth, or anchorage during the first five years after landscape planting. Mulch placed on the root ball surface caused more re-growth of circling roots on Acer—but not Ulmus—following root remediation. Bending stress to tilt trunks was most correlated with cross-sectional area of leeward and straight roots on Ulmus or windward and straight roots on Acer. The initial increase with time in bending stress required to tilt trunks after planting followed by a drop in bending stress suggests that trees planted from nursery containers could be more susceptible to uprooting in a wind storm as they became established beyond three or four years.

scholarly journals 318 Interrelationships among Cumulative Yield, Scion Weight, and Trunk Cross-sectional Area of Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 497E-497
Author(s):  
John A. Barden ◽  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Term Evaluation ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Partitioning Pattern

Productivity of perennial fruit plants depends to a sizeable degree on partitioning of assimilates between vegetative and reproductive structures. Cultivars and rootstocks modify the partitioning pattern, but there are very few data published on these relationships. The termination of a long-term evaluation of standard-growing and spur-type strains of `Delicious' and `Golden Delicious' on several dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks and interstocks provided an excellent opportunity to assess the relationships among cumulative yield, scion weight, and trunk cross-sectional area (TCA). Cultivars were `Goldspur' and `Smoothee' strains of `Golden Delicious' and `Redchief' and `Red Prince' strains of `Delicious'. Rootstocks and interstocks included Malling 9 (M.9), M.26, M.9/Malling Merton 106 (MM.106), M.9/MM.111, M.7, MM.106, and MM.111. Row spacing was standard at 6.1 m. Tree spacing varied with anticipated vigor and ranged from 1.8 to 5.5 m. Pruning times and weight of prunings were recorded in two years. After 18 years, trees were cut off just above the soil line and weighed. TCA and scion weight were highly correlated despite of considerable differences in degree of containment pruning required, and cumulative yields were well correlated with both TCA and scion weight. The ratio of cumulative crop weight to final scion weight decreased quadratically with increasing TCA. Pruning times and weight of prunings were somewhat better correlated with TCA in `Delicious' than in `Golden Delicious'.

Cross-sectional area relationships in root systems of loblolly and shortleaf pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 556-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Carlson ◽  
Constance A. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
Highly Correlated

The relationship between cross-sectional root area at groundline and composite root area (the sum of the areas of the first-order lateral roots plus the area of the taproot subtending the most distal lateral root) was examined in 3- to 9-year-old loblolly and shortleaf pine (Pinustaeda L. and P. echinata Mill.). For both species, root area at groundline and composite root area were highly correlated, and the slopes in equations relating the two root areas were close to 1.0. These results imply that (i) the pipe model of tree form is appropriate for young root systems, and (ii) the development of basal stem diameter is directly related to root system development.

Temporal dynamics of ectomycorrhizal populations and seedling characteristics on red pine (Pinusresinosa)

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 810-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Wu ◽  
Margaret R. Gale ◽  
Peter J. Cattelino ◽  
Dana L. Richter ◽  
Johann N. Bruhn
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Seedling Characteristics

To assess temporal dynamics of ectomycorrhizae (ECM) on red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) seedlings, numbers of ECM per gram of dry root were compared with temporal changes in seedling height, basal diameter, above- and below-ground (coarse root) biomass, shootroot ratio, and leaf water potentials. Bare-root red pine seedlings (3-0 stock) planted on three sites in upper Michigan in June of 1984 were destructively sampled on a monthly basis (May–October) from 1985 to 1989. Three morphological types (brown, black, and white) of ECM were observed and counted. Average numbers of total and brown-type ECM per gram of dry root increased rapidly during the 1985 growing season, decreased from August 1985 to 1988, and appeared to increase slightly in 1989. Shoot weight, root weight, total height, basal diameter, and shoot:root ratio of red pine seedlings steadily increased. Temporal changes in numbers of total and brown-type ECM were significantly correlated with all seedling characteristics (p < 0.001). The highest correlation (negative) occurred between field age of red pine seedlings and numbers of both total and brown-type ECM per gram dry root; high negative correlations also existed between basal diameter, total height of red pine seedlings, and numbers of total and brown-type ECM per gram dry root. Decreased average leaf water potential was observed to relate to increases in numbers of total and brown-type ECM.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document