Somatic embryogenesis in tissue cultures of Liriodendrontulipifera

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 420-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Merkle ◽  
H. E. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Immature Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Tissue cultures of yellow poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.) were initiated from immature and mature zygotic embryos. Nodular embryogenic callus developed from a low percentage of the cultures initiated from immature embryos on solid media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 6-benzyladenine, and casein hydrolysate. Embryoids differentiated from these culture lines within 1 month following transfer of embryogenic callus to hormone-free solid media. Although most embryoids appeared abnormal, embryoids with well-formed cotyledons and radicles were capable of developing into normal plantlets.

Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from embryos isolated from stored seeds of Picea glauca

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

White spruce (Picea glauca) embryogenic callus was obtained using 3- to 11-year-old seeds as a source of zygotic embryos. They were cultured on half-strength Litvay's medium supplemented with 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 5 μM benzylaminopurine, 1 g/L casein hydrolysate, 500 mg/L glutamine, and 1% sucrose. The frequency of induction of embryogenic callus was significantly improved by incubation at 25 °C and by a 4-h imbibition of the seeds. The yield of embryogenic callus was significantly affected by the geographic provenance of the seeds and by their number of years in storage. A significant correlation was also found between the yield of embryogénie callus and the percentage of germination of the seedlot used. Even after 11 years of storage, 40% of the zygotic embryos could produce an embryogenic callus when dissected from seeds with a high germination rate. Somatic embryos were matured after transfer onto an embryo development medium composed of the same medium but including 6% sucrose, 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 5 μM kinetin. The somatic embryos developed further under in vitro conditions and were then transplanted into soil. The somatic embryoderived plantlets established in the greenhouse were similar to control plantlets obtained from germinated seeds. Mature embryos from stored seeds were shown to constitute a valuable source for white spruce somatic embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis in Magnolia dealbata Zucc. (Magnoliaceae), an Endangered, Endemic Mexican Species

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1325-1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Mata-Rosas ◽  
Ángel Jiménez-Rodríguez ◽  
Victor M. Chávez-Avila
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Direct Organogenesis ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Magnolia Dealbata

Plants of Magnolia dealbata were regenerated from zygotic embryos through somatic embryogenesis and direct organogenesis. Medium and incubation conditions were determinating factors for the development of morphogenetic responses. Photoperiodic exposure was a limiting factor in the general development of the explants, and incubation in darkness allowed their development. The highest formation of shoots per responding explant were obtained on woody plant (WP) medium supplemented with 13.3 μM or 22.2 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) in combination with 2.26 μM or in absence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from which 2.5 shoots per explant were induced. Subcultures on WP medium, supplemented with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PUP) 40,000 1 g·L–1) avoided necrosis of explants. Somatic embryos were formed in 85% of explants cultivated on WP medium with 2,4-D (2.3 μM or 4.5 μM); 20% induced indirect embryogenesis and 65% formed direct somatic embryogenesis. The plants were transferred to soil to acclimatize under greenhouse conditions, achieving 90% survival. Somatic embryo conversion to plantlets was obtained with subculture on WP basal medium without growth regulators. In vitro culture can play a key role in the propagation and conservation of this endangered species.

scholarly journals 116 Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis in Cowpeas

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 461D-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lurline Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Embryo Formation ◽  
Stage Embryo ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Cotyledonary Stage

Four cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L). Walp] genotypes; IT 82E-18, IT 82E-16, Pinkeye Purple Hull, and Coronet were tested for somatic embryo formation and embryogenesis. Explants were 3-week-old cotyledons from which the embryonic axes were removed. Cotyledons were cultured in eight media combinations representing modifications of two media, one containing Murashige and Skoog Basal salt with B5 vitamins (MSB), 500 mg/L casein-hydrolysate (CS), 500 mg/L sodium chloride, 3% sucrose, 0.7% agar, 2mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/L benzylamino purine, and the other containing (MSB), 3% sucrose, 40 mg/L 2-4-D and 0.2% gellan gum. After 1 month, 40% to 100% of explants produced calli and few produced shoots. Subcultured shoots in MS with 0.1 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or with IBA and 0.5mg/L kinetin (KT) failed to produced roots. The only green cotyledonary stage embryo was produced on this latter medium. Subculture of calli in MSB containing CS, mannitol, sucrose, agar, indoleacetic acid, and KT produced cream-colored globular embryos, roots, and a few leaves.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis in Four Tree Legumes

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Premananda Das
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Friable Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Napthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Acacia Catechu ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Somatic embryogenesis was achieved in four leguminous tree species, that is, Acacia catechu, Acacia arabica, Hardwickia binata, and Dalbergia sissoo using immature zygotic embryos as explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.25–1.0 mg/l Kn (kinetin) and 2.0–3.0 mg/l 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) or NAA (1-napthaleneacetic acid) and 3% sucrose. MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D and 1.0–1.5 mg/l Kn was noted to be most effective in inducing friable embryogenic callus (FEC); the number of somatic embryos per culture varied in MS medium supplemented with 1.0–2.0 mg/l 2,4-D or NAA and 0.25–1.5 mg/l kinetin. The maximum number of somatic embryos was obtained in MS medium containing 1.5–2.0 mg/l 2,4-D or NAA and 1.0–1.5 mg/l kinetin; proliferation of embryogenic calli was enhanced in cultures having 1.0–2.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 1.0–1.5 mg/l kinetin, and 400–600 mg/l L-Proline. The somatic embryos in various shapes and sizes after the first subculture on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l IAA and 0.25 mg/l BA; developed shoots and rooted in strength MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l IBA or IAA. The somatic embryo-derived plantlets were transferred to the field after being hardened in the climate-controlled hardening chamber.

scholarly journals Induction Somatic Embryogenesis Used 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) and Kinetin in Spindle Leaf Explant Sugarcane

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Wardatus Sholeha ◽  
Bambang Sugiharto ◽  
Dwi Setyati ◽  
Parawita Dewanti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Callus Induction ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Callus Proliferation ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Respective Concentration

Induction of somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane requires the composition Plant Growth Hormone (PGH) appropriate. Utilizing of PGH (2,4-D and kinetin) is expected to induce sugarcane somatic embryogenesis. The purpose of this study was to obtain the concentration of 2,4-D and kinetin that effective for the multiplication of sugarcane var. NXI 1-3 through somatic embryogenesis. This study consists of four stages: callus induction, callus proliferation, regeneration of shoots and encapsulation. The plant material used is a spindle leaf sugarcane var. NXI 1-3. Callus induction used 2,4-D with different concentration (2 ppm, 3 ppm and 4 ppm). Callus proliferation used 2,4-D with concentration 1 ppm and 2 ppm. Regeneration of shoots used kinetin 0,5 ppm. The results are showed that the optimal induction of embryogenic callus on medium MS + sucrose 30 g / L + CH 300 ppm + 300 ppm PVP + 2,4-D 4 ppm as indicated by the high percentage of explants forming embryogenic callus that is equal to 40% and the respective concentration 2 ppm and 3 ppm is 33,3% and 37,5%. In proliferation stage, the development callus optimal on medium MS + sucrose 30 g / L + CH 300pm + PVP 300 ppm + 2,4-D 2 ppm and formulations for regeneration shoot on medium MS + sucrose 30 g / L + kinetin 0.5 ppm. The result of encapsulation can be shaped 100 sythetic seed. Keywords: Somatic embryogenesis, spindle leaf, kinetin, 2,4-D

scholarly journals Coconut Micropropagation in Mexico using Plumule and Floral Explants

CORD ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Carlos Oropeza
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Media Formulation ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

This paper focuses on the research efforts carried out by CICY in Mexico on micropropagation of coconut. They started during the nineties in collaboration with Wye College (UK) and ORSTOM-CIRAD (France), with the development of a protocol that was reproducible and more efficient than previous ones, based on plumule explants grown in different media based on Y3 medium added with activated charcoal, gelling agent and of particular importance growth regulators 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Within the next decade basic research was carried out to study the process of somatic embryogenesis from plumule explants, with an approach including morpho-histological, physiological, biochemical and molecular points of view, in order to gain knowledge that could be useful to further improvement of the process. Also different practical approaches were tested including changes in the media formulation, embryogenic callus multiplication and secondary somatic embryogenesis. As a result a highly efficient protocol was developed that could potentially yield over a hundred thousand somatic embryos from a single plumule explant. Embryos were able to germinate and convert to plantlets, that after planting, successfully grew to sexual maturity and fruit production. This protocol is currently being scaled up to a semi-commercial level. Also within the past five years, a protocol using rachilla explants has been developed for the production of embryogenic callus and its multiplication, and embryos produced were able to germinate and convert to plantlets, setting the basis to develop a process for massive  propagation of coconut, such as the one already developed using plumule explants.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Viola canescens Wall. Ex. Roxb.: An Endangered Himalayan Herb

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 761
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar Khajuria ◽  
Christophe Hano ◽  
Narendra Singh Bisht
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Root Axis ◽  
Somatic Embryo Induction

Viola canescens Wall. ex. Roxb. is an important but threatened medicinal herb found at 1500–2400 m above mean sea level in the Himalayas. Overexploitation and habitat preference have put the plant under serious threat. Thus, the present study was undertaken to develop an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation via somatic embryogenesis. The results revealed that plant can be regenerated successfully through somatic embryogenesis using leaf derived calli. Regular subculturing of calli on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)/indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)/kinetin (Kn) and varying combinations of 2,4-D+Kn induced somatic embryogenesis. The maximum average number of somatic embryos (SE) (19.15 ± 2.66) was induced on the medium with 0.15 + 0.05 mg L−1 of 2,4-D and Kn, respectively, and this medium was used as a control. To enhance somatic embryo induction, the control MS medium was supplemented with l-glutamine (200–400 mg L−1) and casein hydrolysate (1–4%). The maximum average number of SE (27.66 ± 2.67) and average mature SE (13.16 ± 3.48) were recorded on the medium having 2 % l-glutamine and 50 mg L−1 casein hydrolysate. The induced SE were asynchronous, so, to foster their maturation, the culture medium (free from growth regulators) was supplemented with abscisic acid (ABA) and silver nitrate (AgNO3). The maximum average number (35.96 ± 3.68) of mature SE was noticed on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L−1 ABA. Mature embryos had two well-developed cotyledons and an elongated hypocotyl root axis. The development of SE into plantlets was significant for embryos matured on the medium with AgNO3 and ABA, with 86.67% and 83.33% conversion on the medium with 0.20 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The plantlets thus produced acclimatized in a growth chamber before being transferred to the field, which showed 89.89% survival. The plants were morphologically similar to the mother plant with successful flowering.

scholarly journals Anatomy of somatic embryogenesis in Carica papaya L.

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana A. Fernando ◽  
Murilo Melo ◽  
Marli K. M. Soares ◽  
Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Internal Cell ◽  
Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Mature zygotic embryos of Carica papaya L. ‘Sunrise Solo’ were used as explants for embryogenesis induction. The explants were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog culture medium supplemented with 2 mg.L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and incubated in darkness at 25+2°C. Histological analysis of callogenesis and somatic embryogenesis indicated occurrence of direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis development. Direct somatic embryo formation was observed from hypocotyledonary epidermic cells only from explant 18 days after inoculation. Somatic embryos formed indirectly were originated from embryogenic superficial cells of pre-embryonic complexes located on peripherical and on internal cell layers of callus 49 days after inoculation. Diverse morphological differences including disformed embryos were observed among the somatic embryos.

Embryolike structures from cotyledons and ripe embryos of Norway spruce (Piceaabies)

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 664-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Krogstrup
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Skoog Medium ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Murashige And Skoog Medium ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Embryos from imbibed ripe seeds and cotyledon expiants of 7-day-old Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) seedlings produced the early stages of somatic embryogenesis. Using a modified Murashige and Skoog medium, a whitish, glossy callus was induced consisting of translucent cells embedded in a mucilaginous cloudy matrix. This embryogenic callus formed on the surface of explants treated first with N-6-benzyladenine followed by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid + 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) + N-6-benzyladenine. Transfer of this callus to media lacking growth regulators resulted in the formation of numerous bipolar embryoids with suspensorlike structures. These embryoids strongly resembled repressed embryos in polyembryonic seeds.

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