Effects of added nitrogen on growth of hardwood trees in southern New York

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Stanturf ◽  
E. L. Stone Jr. ◽  
R. C. McKittrick
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils

Nitrogen fertilization rate trials (0–672 kg/ha) were established in seven second-growth mixed deciduous forest stands in southern New York, on well to somewhat poorly drained soils typical of better hardwood sites, with no history of fire or cultivation. Basal-area growth over 20 years was determined from increment cores of dominant and codominant trees. Significant growth response occurred only for black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.). Nitrogen additions of 168–336 kg/ha increased growth 21% over 5–10 years. Ten-year basal-area growth response of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and white ash (Fraxinusamericana L.) was less than in other fertilization studies. The lack of response is attributed to favorable nitrogen status of the soils, resulting from lack of disturbance over at least the last four decades and, possibly, atmospheric input of nitrogen.

Growth following single-tree selection cutting in Québec northern hardwoods

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 898-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Bédard ◽  
Zoran Majcen
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Northern Hardwoods ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Selection Cutting ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Single Tree Selection

Eight experimental blocks were established in the southern part of Québec to determine the growth response of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) dominated stands after single tree selection cutting. Each block contained eight control plots (no cut) and eight cut plots. The intensity of removal varied between 21% and 32% and residual basal area was between 18.2 and 21 m2/ha. Ten year net annual basal area growth rates in cut plots (0.35 ± 0.04 m2/ha) were significantly higher (p = 0.0022) than in control plots (0.14 ± 0.06 m2/ha). The treatment particularly favoured diameter growth of stems between 10 and 30 cm in dbh, whose crowns were released by removing neighbouring trees. These results show that if the same net growth rate is maintained in the next decade most of the cut plots will reach their pre-cut basal area in about 20 years after cutting. Key words: northern hardwoods, selection cutting, uneven aged silviculture, basal area growth, diameter growth

Growth Response of Upland Oak Sawtimber Stands to Thinning in Connecticut

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Stem Quality ◽  
Epicormic Branching ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
Forest Managers

Abstract Thirty pairs of thinned and unthinned plots in roadside fuelwood areas, and 12 plots in each of 2 commercial cordwood thinnings were located in Connecticut oak sawtimber stands. Thinning during 1969-82 reduced stocking on plots an average of 30%. Subsequent stand basal area growth, cubic-foot growth, and board-foot growth were similar among all treatments. There was no decrease in stem quality nor increase in epicormic branching associated with thinning. Thinning mature oak sawtimber stands provides forest managers an opportunity to capture volume of declining trees while increasing growth on residual oak sawtimber. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):104-107.

Relationships among crown condition, growth, and stand nutrition in seven northern Vermont sugarbushes

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Wilmot ◽  
David S. Ellsworth ◽  
Melvin T. Tyree
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Crown Dieback

We compared growth with soil and foliar elemental composition in seven stands of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) in northern Vermont characterized by high or low incidence of crown dieback over the period 1989–1992. In stands with low-quality crown conditions, such as elevated crown dieback, long-term basal area growth rates were approximately half of those in stands with higher crown quality. Average annual basal area growth was 17.5 cm2 for dominant trees in these stands during the period 1953–1992 compared with 32.3 cm2 for trees in higher quality stands. The occurrence of elevated crown dieback was apparently unrelated to stand characteristics such as stand age, basal area, stem density, elevation, or aspect among the stands sampled. Stands with elevated crown dieback were found on soils characterized by low pH ( <4.0), low base cation pools (particularly Ca and Mg), and higher Al in soil surface horizons than higher quality stands. Over 4 years, sugar maple stands with elevated crown dieback exhibited significantly lower (P < 0.01) foliar Ca concentrations and somewhat lower foliar N and Mg than higher quality stands, while soil and foliar K were similar in both dieback classes. Among survey plots sampled in 1989, soil pH and Ca were strongly correlated with foliar Ca and K (P < 0.001). Soil pH, soil Ca, and foliar Ca were also strongly correlated with the level of crown dieback among plots and stands (P < 0.0001). Our results indicate that podzolic soils in northern Vermont may present marginal conditions for sugar maple growth in terms of soil pH and soil Ca availability, but that P and K pools appear to be sufficient for growth. While a lack of historical data prevents identification of long-term trends in nutrient availability in these soils, factors promoting losses of base cations from acidic, base-cation-poor Podzols may also exacerbate foliar nutrient deficiencies and thus affect the crown condition of sugarbushes in northern Vermont.

Four-year Basal Area Growth Response of a 25-year-old Douglas-fir Stand to Thinning and Urea Fertilization

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Jim Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Urea Fertilization

Four-year growth response to nitrogen fertilization and thinning is reported for an experiment established in a 25-year-old Douglas-fir stand of medium site quality. Four levels of nitrogen (0, 112, 224, and 336 kg N/ha), in the form of urea, were tested at two thinning levels in a randomized 4 × 2 × 2 factorial design replicated in 2 Blocks. Fertilizer was applied in spring or fall. Basal area growth per hectare in the thinned stand significantly surpassed that of the unthinned stand in the fourth growing period. Increased rate of nitrogen fertilization resulted in increased growth 1 year after fertilization. Urea applied in the fall resulted in greater growth response than that applied in the spring for the first growing period and over a 4-year period. Increased rate of fertilization increased mortality significantly in the fourth growing period, but had no prior effect. Thinning decreased mortality in all four growing periods.

The effect of habitat type and rock type on individual tree basal area growth response to nitrogen fertilization

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghong Shen ◽  
James A Moore ◽  
Charles R Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Rock Type ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Relative Response ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth

Individual tree basal area increment models for nitrogen fertilized stands were developed using data from permanent research plots located throughout the Inland Northwest. Results show that tree size, stand density, habitat type, and rock type significantly interact to affect individual tree basal area growth response to nitrogen fertilization. Suppressed trees growing on moist habitat types and all rock types, except metasedimentary, exhibited greater relative response than did dominant or codominant trees growing in the same stand. However, suppressed trees growing on dry sites or on soils derived from granite rocks did not show different relative response than dominant or codominant trees growing in the same stand. This study quantitatively demonstrates that individual tree competitive relationships are significantly affected by rock type. Rock types proved to be useful in representing broad differences in a site's nutrient environment. Incorporating the new equations into individual tree growth and yield simulators would provide better representation of N fertilization response differences within a stand.

scholarly journals Fertilization Fails to Increase Diameter Growth of Sawlog-size Northern Hardwoods in Upper Michigan

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Stone ◽  
Stephen G. Shetron ◽  
James Peryam
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
And Control

Five hundred individual, sawlog-size crop trees in a selectively managed northern hardwood stand were fertilized with 2.61 kg (5.75 lbs) of N-P-K fertilizer per tree in June 1970. The stand is predominantly sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) growing on a deep silt loam soil of good site quality. Three- and six-year diameter at breast height (dbh) and basal area growth were analyzed by treatment and diameter class. Fertilization did not increase dbh or basal area growth during either measurement period. Mean annual dbh growth of both fertilized and control trees was 0.41 cm (0.16 in.); trees in all diameter classes grew at essentially the same rate. Nearly half of the study trees grew 2.54 cm (1.0 in.) or more during the 6-year period, and fertilization did not change this proportion. Natural supplies of nutrients in good hardwood soils appear adequate for rapid growth of these species. Periodic cuttings maintain superior growth rates and contributes to efficient nutrient cycling. Fertilization is not recommended on sites like this because growth responses are not likely to justify costs.

Field Notes: Predicted Vs. Actual Basal Area Growth in West Virginia

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-222
Author(s):  
Arlyn W. Perkey ◽  
Kenneth L. Carvell
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Field Notes

A New Index Representing Individual Tree Competitive Status

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Moore ◽  
Carl A. Budelsky ◽  
Richard C. Schlesinger
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Competition Index ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Silvicultural Practices ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Area Growth

A new competition index, modified Area Potentially Available (APA), was tested in a complex unevenaged stand composed of 19 different hardwood species. APA considers tree size, spatial distribution, and distance relationships in quantifying intertree competition and exhibits a strong correlation with individual tree basal area growth. The most important characteristic of APA is its potential for evaluating silvicultural practices.

A comparison of vegetative cover and tree community structure in three forested Adirondack watersheds

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Cronan ◽  
Marc R. DesMeules
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
New York State ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Cover Type ◽  
Tree Community ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Annual Biomass

The Integrated Lake–Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) was conducted using three forested watersheds (Panther, Sagamore, and Woods) in the central Adirondack Park of New York State. By comparing the biogeochemical behavior of these watersheds, the ILWAS investigators hoped to elucidate the major ecosystem parameters controlling the fate of strong acids introduced from the atmosphere to lake–watershed systems. The ILWAS vegetation research program was designed to compare the quantitative patterns of forest structure in these midelevation watersheds. Results showed that the ILWAS catchments contain closely related variants of the northern hardwood – spruce – fir complex of the Adirondack region. The dominant tree species in these watersheds are beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.). On an areal basis, the watersheds contain 57–88% hardwood cover type and 5–29% spruce–fir cover type. Mean live basal area values range from 22 to 30 m2 ha−1 between catchments, while standing dead basal area values range from 4 to 8 m2 ha−1. Mean live stem densities range from 1400 to 1700 stems ha−1. Mean aboveground biomass projections for the tree stratum in the three watersheds range from 143 to 199 Mt ha−1, while estimated aboveground annual biomass increments range from 4.1 to 5.3% of standing biomass.

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