The role of insulin in the glucostatic control of food intake

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Rezek
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cellular Oxidation ◽  
Metabolic Hormone

Insulin, a primary metabolic hormone, plays a dominant role in the regulation of food intake. An increase in the level of circulating insulin produced by its prandial release from endogenous stores is associated with the state of satiety. On the other hand, an increase in the insulin level produced by its exogenous administration, as well as by its excessive and prolonged release in certain pathological states or during the period of nocturnal overeating, paradoxically gives rise to the sensation of hunger. This differential effect of endogenous and exogenous insulin is analyzed in view of experimental and clinical evidence concerning the principal mechanisms in the regulation of food intake. These include the interrelation of central and peripheral glucosensitive systems, the involvement of the enteroinsular axis, and the effects on these regulatory mechanisms of the physiological state produced by changes in circulating insulin levels. The essential role of the vagus nerve in mediating the hunger and satiety induced by the lack or excess of glucose for cellular oxidation places the short-term glucostatic control in the periphery where the insulin is primarily acting. A unifying hypothesis concerning the role of insulin in the regulation of food intake is proposed and its clinical implications suggested.

scholarly journals Effect of video game playing and a glucose preload on subjective appetite, subjective emotions, and food intake in overweight and obese boys

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon J.F. Gheller ◽  
Julia O. Totosy de Zepetnek ◽  
Jo M. Welch ◽  
Melissa D. Rossiter ◽  
Bohdan Luhovyy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Game Playing ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Video Game Playing ◽  
Test Conditions

Video game playing (VGP) is associated with overweight/obesity (OW/OB). VGP and caloric preloads in the pre-meal environment influence short-term food intake (FI) in healthy-weight children. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of pre-meal VGP and a glucose preload on subjective emotions, subjective appetite, and FI in boys with OW/OB. On 4 separate mornings, boys with OW/OB (n = 22; mean ± SD: age = 11.9 ± 1.6 years; body mass index percentile = 94.3 ± 3.9) participated in 4 test conditions. Two hours after a standardized breakfast, boys consumed equally sweetened preloads (250 mL) of sucralose (0 kcal) or glucose (200 kcal), with or without 30 min of subsequent VGP. Immediately after each test condition, FI was evaluated during an ad libitum pizza meal. Subjective appetite was measured at 0 (baseline), 15, and 30 min. Subjective emotions (aggression, anger, excitement, disappointment, happiness, upset, and frustration) were measured at 0 and 30 min. VGP did not affect FI, but the glucose preload decreased FI compared with the sucralose control (Δ = −103 ± 48 kcal, p < 0.01). However, cumulative FI (preload kcal + meal kcal) was 9% higher after the glucose preload (p < 0.01). Subjective appetite increased with time (p < 0.05) but was not influenced by preload or VGP. Frustration was the only subjective emotion that increased following VGP (p < 0.01). A glucose preload, but not VGP, suppressed FI in boys with OW/OB, suggesting a primary role of physiological factors in short-term FI regulation.

Rapid synthesis and secretion of intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV after gastric fat loading in rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. R1170-R1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Rodriguez ◽  
T. J. Kalogeris ◽  
X. L. Wang ◽  
R. Wolf ◽  
P. Tso
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Apolipoprotein A ◽  
Inhibit Food Intake ◽  
Rapid Stimulation ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Distal Jejunum

To further investigate the possible role of apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) in the short-term control of food intake, we examined the kinetics of intestinal apo A-IV synthesis and release into lymph and plasma after intragastric delivery of physiological amounts of lipid. Within 30 min of intragastric administration of 0.1 g of triglyceride, plasma and lymph levels of apo A-IV were similar to those produced by exogenous apo A-IV that inhibit food intake. Within 15 min, 5% of gastrically delivered radioactive lipid reached the distal small bowel and cecum; by 30 min radioactivity was evenly distributed throughout the small intestine, with 10-15% of the load in the distal gut. By 30 min, synthesis of apo A-IV was significantly stimulated in proximal and distal jejunum and distal ileum and remained elevated up to 4 h after the delivery of lipid. Our results indicate that the delivery of physiological amounts of lipid into the stomach produces a significant and rapid stimulation of apo A-IV secretion into lymph and plasma, together with a rapid delivery of lipid and increases in mucosal synthesis of apo A-IV along the entire length of the small intestine. The results support a possible role for apo A-IV in the short-term control of food intake and suggest a role for the entire gut in the integrative response of apo A-IV to a fat meal.

Role of physiology and environmental factors on food intake control in boys

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Bellissimo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiologic Regulation

To examine the hypothesis that physiologic regulation of short-term food intake (FI) in boys is affected by the interaction between physiological and environmental factors, four studies were conducted. The primary objectives were as follows: (i) to compare the effect of glucose and whey-protein (50 g) preloads on satiety and FI as affected by time to the next meal and body composition in normal weight (NW) and obese (OB) boys; (ii) to examine the role of short-duration physical activity on subjective appetite and to identify the role of and associations between fitness and FI at a pizza lunch 30 min after glucose and whey-protein drinks in NW boys; (iii) to determine the effect of television viewing (TVV) on FI of boys at a meal and its effect on caloric compensation at the test meal after a premeal glucose drink; and (iv) to determine the reproducibility of short-term FI and subjective appetite after a glucose preload, ventilation threshold (VT), and body composition assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Obese boys responded less than NW boys to whey protein, with time (30 vs. 60 min) to the next meal the response decreasing to glucose but increasing to protein. Subjective appetite was increased by short-duration physical activity and FI following glucose and whey-protein preloads was positively associated with VT in boys. TVV while eating a meal contributed to increased energy intake by delaying normal mealtime satiation and reducing satiety signals from previously consumed foods. Short-term FI after a glucose preload, subjective appetite after glucose and physical activity, VT, and body composition assessed by BIA were reproducible in boys. In conclusion, physiologic regulation of short-term FI in boys was affected by the interaction between physiological and environmental factors. Macronutrient source, body weight and composition, time to the next meal, short-duration physical activity and fitness, and TVV at mealtime impacted on FI regulation in boys.

Deutschland – eine „Basarökonomie“?

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (136) ◽  
pp. 417-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
German Economy ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Global Sourcing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sourcing Strategies ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
Neoliberal Policies ◽  
High Level

A prominent current discourse on German economy sees Germany – due to outsourcing and global sourcing strategies – becoming more and more a “bazaareconomy”, in which the share of German based added value of products is decreasing rapidly. The reasons are seen in high labour costs and “sclerotic” labour markets under pressure of globalised markets – therefore neoliberal policies seem to be the only remedy against the so-called “German disease”. These arguments are qualified by discussing the globalisation hypothesis, analysing the contradictions of outsourcing processes and putting the stress upon factors of localisation and the dominant role of regions in globalised markets. Instead of speaking of a “bazaareconomy”, the authors’ identifies a process of re-allocation of production in internationalised markets and policies of strengthening the existing high level of regional infrastructures would underpin the high productive “Rhineland capitalism”, while neoliberal policies tend to destroy its comparative advantages. The same applies to microeconomic actions of capital reducing investments in favour of short term high profits abroad and thus initiating a vicious circle: the loss of investment would undermine the high productive regional networks as a pillar of “high quality – high qualification – high wage”-production in Germany and thus investment would become less attractive.

scholarly journals Gastric leptin: a putative role in the short-term regulation of food intake

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Picó ◽  
Paula Oliver ◽  
Juana Sánchez ◽  
Andreu Palou
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Endocrine Cell Type ◽  
The Brain

The discovery of the production of leptin by the stomach, in addition to its production by adipose tissue, has initiated new investigation into the possible role of this protein in the digestive physiology, in particular in the short-term control of energy balance. Leptin has been identified in the lower half of the stomach glands both in the pepsinogen granules of chief cells and in the granules of a specific endocrine cell type, suggesting that leptin action is exerted by both exocrine and endocrine pathways. Gastric leptin is sensitive to the nutritional state, being rapidly mobilized in response to food intake following fasting, or after the administration of satiety factors; this suggests a role for this protein in the short-term regulation of feeding, acting in collaboration with satiety peptides such as cholecystokinin. Leptin, produced by gastric cells and by adipocytes, could act on both acute and chronic regulation of feeding behaviour respectively, giving information to the brain on the availability of external (food) and internal (fat depots) energy resources, thus participating in short- and long-term satiation.

The role of hypothalamic histamine in leptin-induced suppression of short-term food intake in fasted rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 111 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.L Toftegaard ◽  
U Knigge ◽  
A Kjær ◽  
J Warberg
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hypothalamic Histamine ◽  
Fasted Rats

Effect of liver denervation on the feeding pattern of rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (1) ◽  
pp. R66-R70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Louis-Sylvestre ◽  
J. M. Servant ◽  
R. Molimard ◽  
J. Le Magnen
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Hepatic Veins ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Heart Rate Variation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Glucose Injection ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

This study was undertaken to assess the role of the hepatic innervation in the short-term regulatory mechanisms of food intake. A liver denervation was performed in male Wistar rats: the liver was entirely freed from the surrounding organs, its vessels (with the exception of the hepatic veins) and the bile ducts were stripped. Controls consisted of two groups of liver-denervated rats in which sympathectomy or vagotomy were carried out. A continuous recording of food intake was performed in a third group. The complete absence of the hyperglycemic response to trauma in adrenalectomized liver-denervated animals was taken as evidence of functional sympathectomy of the liver. The disappearance of a vagovagal reflex--heart rate variation brought about by a glucose injection into the portal vein--was taken as evidence of functional vagotomy. The analysis of the recorded feeding patterns of liver-denervated and sham-operated animals showed that, in rats, this liver denervation did not affect in any way the feeding behavior.

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