Rapid synthesis and secretion of intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV after gastric fat loading in rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. R1170-R1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Rodriguez ◽  
T. J. Kalogeris ◽  
X. L. Wang ◽  
R. Wolf ◽  
P. Tso
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Apolipoprotein A ◽  
Inhibit Food Intake ◽  
Rapid Stimulation ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Distal Jejunum

To further investigate the possible role of apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) in the short-term control of food intake, we examined the kinetics of intestinal apo A-IV synthesis and release into lymph and plasma after intragastric delivery of physiological amounts of lipid. Within 30 min of intragastric administration of 0.1 g of triglyceride, plasma and lymph levels of apo A-IV were similar to those produced by exogenous apo A-IV that inhibit food intake. Within 15 min, 5% of gastrically delivered radioactive lipid reached the distal small bowel and cecum; by 30 min radioactivity was evenly distributed throughout the small intestine, with 10-15% of the load in the distal gut. By 30 min, synthesis of apo A-IV was significantly stimulated in proximal and distal jejunum and distal ileum and remained elevated up to 4 h after the delivery of lipid. Our results indicate that the delivery of physiological amounts of lipid into the stomach produces a significant and rapid stimulation of apo A-IV secretion into lymph and plasma, together with a rapid delivery of lipid and increases in mucosal synthesis of apo A-IV along the entire length of the small intestine. The results support a possible role for apo A-IV in the short-term control of food intake and suggest a role for the entire gut in the integrative response of apo A-IV to a fat meal.

scholarly journals Effect of video game playing and a glucose preload on subjective appetite, subjective emotions, and food intake in overweight and obese boys

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon J.F. Gheller ◽  
Julia O. Totosy de Zepetnek ◽  
Jo M. Welch ◽  
Melissa D. Rossiter ◽  
Bohdan Luhovyy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Game Playing ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Video Game Playing ◽  
Test Conditions

Video game playing (VGP) is associated with overweight/obesity (OW/OB). VGP and caloric preloads in the pre-meal environment influence short-term food intake (FI) in healthy-weight children. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of pre-meal VGP and a glucose preload on subjective emotions, subjective appetite, and FI in boys with OW/OB. On 4 separate mornings, boys with OW/OB (n = 22; mean ± SD: age = 11.9 ± 1.6 years; body mass index percentile = 94.3 ± 3.9) participated in 4 test conditions. Two hours after a standardized breakfast, boys consumed equally sweetened preloads (250 mL) of sucralose (0 kcal) or glucose (200 kcal), with or without 30 min of subsequent VGP. Immediately after each test condition, FI was evaluated during an ad libitum pizza meal. Subjective appetite was measured at 0 (baseline), 15, and 30 min. Subjective emotions (aggression, anger, excitement, disappointment, happiness, upset, and frustration) were measured at 0 and 30 min. VGP did not affect FI, but the glucose preload decreased FI compared with the sucralose control (Δ = −103 ± 48 kcal, p < 0.01). However, cumulative FI (preload kcal + meal kcal) was 9% higher after the glucose preload (p < 0.01). Subjective appetite increased with time (p < 0.05) but was not influenced by preload or VGP. Frustration was the only subjective emotion that increased following VGP (p < 0.01). A glucose preload, but not VGP, suppressed FI in boys with OW/OB, suggesting a primary role of physiological factors in short-term FI regulation.

The role of insulin in the glucostatic control of food intake

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Rezek
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cellular Oxidation ◽  
Metabolic Hormone

Insulin, a primary metabolic hormone, plays a dominant role in the regulation of food intake. An increase in the level of circulating insulin produced by its prandial release from endogenous stores is associated with the state of satiety. On the other hand, an increase in the insulin level produced by its exogenous administration, as well as by its excessive and prolonged release in certain pathological states or during the period of nocturnal overeating, paradoxically gives rise to the sensation of hunger. This differential effect of endogenous and exogenous insulin is analyzed in view of experimental and clinical evidence concerning the principal mechanisms in the regulation of food intake. These include the interrelation of central and peripheral glucosensitive systems, the involvement of the enteroinsular axis, and the effects on these regulatory mechanisms of the physiological state produced by changes in circulating insulin levels. The essential role of the vagus nerve in mediating the hunger and satiety induced by the lack or excess of glucose for cellular oxidation places the short-term glucostatic control in the periphery where the insulin is primarily acting. A unifying hypothesis concerning the role of insulin in the regulation of food intake is proposed and its clinical implications suggested.

Effect of food intake on intestinal cholesterol synthesis in rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (3) ◽  
pp. G362-G369
Author(s):  
K. R. Feingold ◽  
G. Zsigmond ◽  
S. R. Lear ◽  
A. H. Moser
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Cholesterol Synthesis ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Increase Food Intake ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Stimulation Of

The mechanism by which diabetes results in an increase in small intestinal cholesterol synthesis is unknown. Previous studies have demonstrated that limiting food intake prevents the increase in intestinal cholesterol synthesis, and it has therefore been proposed that the stimulation of cholesterol synthesis in the small intestine is secondary to the hyperphagia that is associated with poorly controlled diabetes. To shed further light on the role of hyperphagia we have studied the effect on cholesterol synthesis of a variety of conditions that increase food intake. In third-trimester pregnant animals, lactating animals, obese animals, and in animals infused intragastrically with 16 g glucose/day vs. 8 g glucose/day, we have observed that an increase in food intake is associated with an increase in small intestinal cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, these findings support the hypothesis that hyperphagia is the chief stimulus for the increase in cholesterol synthesis in the small intestine of diabetic animals. Additional studies have demonstrated that simply increasing the bulk of food ingested by adding Alphacel to the diet does not alter cholesterol synthesis in the small intestine. Lastly, in animals in whom Thiry fistulas were surgically constructed we observed that cholesterol synthesis is increased in the diabetic animals in both the segment of the small intestine in contact with the food stream and the segment of the small intestine that is excluded from contact. This observation suggests that the direct contact of the intestinal mucosa with caloric sources is not the sole trigger for increasing small intestinal cholesterol synthesis in hyperphagic diabetic animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals The Antiobesity Effects of Centrally Administered Neuromedin U and Neuromedin S Are Mediated Predominantly by the Neuromedin U Receptor 2 (NMUR2)

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (7) ◽  
pp. 3101-3109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Peier ◽  
Jennifer Kosinski ◽  
Kimberly Cox-York ◽  
Ying Qian ◽  
Kunal Desai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Inhibit Food Intake ◽  
Selective Agonists ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deficient Mice

Neuromedin U (NMU) and neuromedin S (NMS) are structurally related neuropeptides that have been reported to modulate energy homeostasis. Pharmacological data have shown that NMU and NMS inhibit food intake when administered centrally and that NMU increases energy expenditure. Additionally, NMU-deficient mice develop obesity, whereas transgenic mice overexpressing NMU are lean and hypophagic. Two high-affinity NMU/NMS receptors, NMUR1 and NMUR2, have been identified. NMUR1 is predominantly expressed in the periphery, whereas NMUR2 is predominantly expressed in the brain, suggesting that the effects of centrally administered NMU and NMS are mediated by NMUR2. To evaluate the role of NMUR2 in the regulation of energy homeostasis, we characterized NMUR2-deficient (Nmur2−/−) mice. Nmur2−/− mice exhibited a modest resistance to diet-induced obesity that was at least in part due to reduced food intake. Acute central administration of NMU and NMS reduced food intake in wild-type but not in Nmur2−/− mice. The effects on activity and core temperature induced by centrally administered NMU were also absent in Nmur2−/− mice. Moreover, chronic central administration of NMU and NMS evoked significant reductions in body weight and sustained reductions in food intake in mice. In contrast, Nmur2−/− mice were largely resistant to these effects. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the anorectic and weight-reducing actions of centrally administered NMU and NMS are mediated predominantly by NMUR2, suggesting that NMUR2-selective agonists may be useful for the treatment of obesity.

Viewing the ventromedial hypothalamus from the adrenal gland

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Dallman
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Ventromedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Inhibit Food Intake ◽  
Dose Dependent

The relationships among food intake, insulin secretion, and adrenocortical function are reviewed. It is hypothesized that a major role of structures in, or passing through, the ventromedial hypothalamus is to inhibit food intake, insulin secretion, and adrenocortical function during the day (in the nocturnally active rat) and that this activity is normally driven by elements within the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus of rats result in nonrhythmic food intake, hyperinsulinemia, nonrhythmic adrenocortical function, and obesity. Adrenalectomy prevents or reverses the effects of lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus on food intake, insulin secretion, and obesity, and corticosteroid replacement restores them. Because the actions of corticosteroids are both time- and dose-dependent, it is proposed that the effects of the tonic levels of corticosteroids observed after lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus are to augment the hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia, and substrate flow into fat to a greater extent than would occur if there were a normal circadian rhythm in adrenocortical function.

Fourth ventricle bombesin injection suppresses ingestive behaviors in rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (3) ◽  
pp. R590-R596 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Saline Injection ◽  
Bottle Test ◽  
Inhibit Food Intake ◽  
Ingestive Behaviors ◽  
Intact Rats

Food intake after fourth intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of bombesin (BBS) was measured in intact rats. BBS injections (greater than or equal to 10 ng) reliably suppressed chow intake in 17-h food-deprived rats. Systemic injections of BBS (50 ng) had no effect on food intake. These data indicate that BBS can act directly on caudal brain stem site(s) to inhibit food intake. The behavioral specificity of fourth icv BBS was evaluated by measuring the effects of fourth icv BBS injection on water intake by 17-h water-deprived rats in the presence and absence of food. Fourth icv injections of BBS in doses greater than 10 ng suppressed 30-min and 2-h water intake relative to saline injection when food was available in the home cage. In contrast, when food was not present during the 2-h intake test, fourth icv injections of BBS had no effect on water intake. This suggests that the inhibition of water intake was secondary to the effects of BBS on food intake. Lastly, sucrose (0.1 M) was paired with fourth icv BBS (50 ng), fourth icv saline, and intraperitoneal LiCl (1.5 meq/kg) in three groups of naive rats, and sucrose preference was subsequently measured. Rats that received injections of either saline or BBS preferred sucrose during the 24-h two-bottle test, and their preference ratios were significantly greater than those of the LiCl-injected rats. The role of afferent signals elicited by fourth ventricle BBS administration in the control of food intake is discussed.

scholarly journals MICROTUBULE BIOGENESIS AND CELL SHAPE IN OCHROMONAS

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 514-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Brown ◽  
G. Benjamin Bouck
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Microtubule Assembly ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Pool ◽  
Microtubule Protein ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Mitotic Inhibitor ◽  
Kinetics Of Inhibition

The role of microtubules and microtubule nucleating sites in the unicell, Ochromonas has been examined through the use of two mitotic inhibitors, isopropyl N-phenylcarbamate (IPC) and isopropyl N-3-chlorophenyl carbamate (CIPC). Although IPC and CIPC have little or no effect on intact microtubules, the assembly of three separate sets of microtubules in Ochromonas has been found to be differentially affected by IPC and CIPC. The assembly of flagellar microtubules after mechanical deflagellation is partially inhibited; the reassembly of rhizoplast microtubules after pressure depolymerization is totally inhibited (however, macrotubules may form at the sites of microtubule initiation or elsewhere); and, the reassembly of the beak set of microtubules after pressure depolymerization may be unaffected although similar concentrations of IPC and CICP completely inhibit microtubule regeneration on the rhizoplast. These effects on microtubule assembly, either inhibitory or macrotubule inducing, are fully reversible. The kinetics of inhibition and reversal are found to be generally similar for both flagellar and cell shape regeneration. Incorporation data suggest that neither IPC nor CIPC has significant effects on protein synthesis in short term experiments. Conversely, inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide has little effect on microtubule regeneration when IPC or CIPC is removed. Although the exact target for IPC and CIPC action remains uncertain, the available evidence suggests that the microtubule protein pool or the microtubule nucleating sites are specifically and reversibly affected. Comparative experiments using the mitotic inhibitor colchicine indicate some similarities and differences in its mode of action with respect to that of IPC and CIPC on assembly and disassembly of microtubules in these cells.

Role of physiology and environmental factors on food intake control in boys

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Bellissimo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiologic Regulation

To examine the hypothesis that physiologic regulation of short-term food intake (FI) in boys is affected by the interaction between physiological and environmental factors, four studies were conducted. The primary objectives were as follows: (i) to compare the effect of glucose and whey-protein (50 g) preloads on satiety and FI as affected by time to the next meal and body composition in normal weight (NW) and obese (OB) boys; (ii) to examine the role of short-duration physical activity on subjective appetite and to identify the role of and associations between fitness and FI at a pizza lunch 30 min after glucose and whey-protein drinks in NW boys; (iii) to determine the effect of television viewing (TVV) on FI of boys at a meal and its effect on caloric compensation at the test meal after a premeal glucose drink; and (iv) to determine the reproducibility of short-term FI and subjective appetite after a glucose preload, ventilation threshold (VT), and body composition assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Obese boys responded less than NW boys to whey protein, with time (30 vs. 60 min) to the next meal the response decreasing to glucose but increasing to protein. Subjective appetite was increased by short-duration physical activity and FI following glucose and whey-protein preloads was positively associated with VT in boys. TVV while eating a meal contributed to increased energy intake by delaying normal mealtime satiation and reducing satiety signals from previously consumed foods. Short-term FI after a glucose preload, subjective appetite after glucose and physical activity, VT, and body composition assessed by BIA were reproducible in boys. In conclusion, physiologic regulation of short-term FI in boys was affected by the interaction between physiological and environmental factors. Macronutrient source, body weight and composition, time to the next meal, short-duration physical activity and fitness, and TVV at mealtime impacted on FI regulation in boys.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document