TAXONOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON STREPTOCARA CALIFORNICA (GEDOELST, 1919) GEDOELST AND LIÉGEOIS, 1922 AND THE GENUS STREPTOCARA (NEMATODA: ACUARIIDAE)

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Melanitta Perspicillata ◽  
Mergus Serrator ◽  
Bucephala Islandica ◽  
Aythya Valisineria ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Aythya Marila ◽  
Clangula Hyemalis ◽  
Highly Evolved

A detailed redescription is presented for adults of Streptocara californica (Gedoelst, 1919) Gedoelst and Liégeois, 1922 based on specimens from under the gizzard lining of a common scoter, Oidemia nigra (L.), from Vancouver, Canada. Adult S. californica are here reported from the type host, Melanitta deglandi (Bonap.), and from the following new hosts near Vancouver: Anas platyrhynchos L., Aythya valisineria (Wilson), Bucephala islandica (Gmelin), Clangula hyemalis (L.), Melanitta perspicillata (L.), and Mergus serrator L. A description of the fourth-stage larvae is presented, based on specimens from Aythya marila (L.), Melanitta perspicillata (L.), and Mergus merganser L. from the same region. Yseria californica Gedoelst, 1919; Korjakinema gusi Oschmarin, 1950; Streptocara dogieli Belopolskaya, 1952; and Skrjabinobronema californicum (Gedoelst, 1919) Yamaguti, 1961 are considered synonyms of Streptocara californica. A comparison of the prevalence of S. californica with that of S. crassicauda charadrii Skrjabin, 1916 seems to indicate rather different life cycles for the two species. It is suggested that the genus Streptocara may be more highly evolved than the other genera of the Seuratiinae.

scholarly journals Redescription of Echinuria hypognatha Wehr, 1937 (Nematoda; Acuariidae) including ecology and new hosts

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kavetska ◽  
A. Stapf ◽  
K. Królaczyk ◽  
E. Kalisińska
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
General Information ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Ecological Characteristics ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Northwestern Poland ◽  
Clangula Hyemalis

AbstractReports on the presence of Echinuria hypognatha Wehr, 1937 in Europe have so far provided only general information, and therefore we present further morphometric and ecological characteristics of this parasite. In this study, the examined nematodes were isolated from the digestive tract of 1 005 wild ducks, representing 17 species from the northwestern Poland. The anatomical features of the parasite were in principle consistent with the description of the species by its discoverer and reports in the available literature. Nematodes (505 individuals) were found in 2.5 % of the examined ducks, in five species wintering in Poland: Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta nigra, M. fusca, Mergellus albellus and Aythya fuligula. The exclusive locations of the nematode were the glands in the proventriculus. The highest incidence was recorded in Melanitta ducks, and the presence of this nematode only in birds wintering in Poland indicates that E. hypognatha is brought to Poland by birds migrating from the areas of Eastern Siberia.

scholarly journals Diversité, abondance et répartition des oiseaux aquatiques hivernant dans les eaux côtières et pélagiques du Parc marin Saguenay–Saint-Laurent

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre L. Savard
Keyword(s):  
Bucephala Clangula ◽  
Anas Rubripes ◽  
Cepphus Grylle ◽  
Mergus Serrator ◽  
Bucephala Albeola ◽  
Clangula Hyemalis

Résumé Le parc marin Saguenay–Saint-Laurent (PMSSL) est situé dans l’une des zones les plus productives de l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent et supporte des nombres importants d’oiseaux aquatiques à l’année longue. Malgré ce fait, aucune étude détaillée n’a encore été faite sur l’utilisation des habitats côtiers de cette région par l’avifaune en hiver. Pour combler cette lacune, des inventaires aériens et terrestres ont été effectués pour mieux quantifier la répartition, l’abondance et le comportement des oiseaux aquatiques hivernant dans le PMSSL. Les résultats confirment l’importance du PMSSL pour les oiseaux aquatiques hivernant dans l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent et indiquent aussi que les oiseaux se déplacent à l’intérieur du PMSSL en fonction des marées, de l’état des glaces et des vents. Les espèces de canards les plus abondantes incluent le Harelde kakawi (Clangula hyemalis), le Harle huppé (Mergus serrator), le Garrot à oeil d’or (Bucephala clangula), le Garrot d’Islande (B. islandica) et le Canard noir (Anas rubripes). Quatre espèces de goélands s’y retrouvent en abondance, soit le Goéland arctique (Larus glaucoides), bourgmestre (L. hyperboreus), argenté (L. argentatus) et marin (L. marinus). On note aussi la présence de Guillemots à miroir (Cepphus grylle) en milieu pélagique, de Bécasseaux violets (Calidris maritima) sur les îles et îlots du large et de quelques Petits Garrots (Bucephala albeola). Les données des recensements d’oiseaux de Noël suggèrent une augmentation des effectifs de Canards noirs, Canards colverts (Anas plathyrynchos), Garrots d’Islande et Harles huppés. Par contre, on a observé un nombre inférieur de Hareldes kakawis ces dernières années.

Synchronization of life cycles of three mermithids (Nematoda) with their chironomid (Diptera) hosts and some observations on the pathology of the infections

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Hominick ◽  
H. E. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Limited Period

The life cycles of three mermithid species were synchronized with those of the chironomid hosts. Hydromermis palustris overwintered as an advanced parasite in Cladotanytarsus sp., emerged in early May, and infected new hosts throughout the summer. Gastromermis deltensis overwintered as an early parasite, mainly in Harnischia sp., emerged in late May, and also infected new hosts throughout the summer. Hydromermis conopophaga probably overwintered as an egg, infected new hosts in spring, and emerged from Polypedilum simulans and Harnischia sp. in late June. It had only one generation per year. The chironomids overwintered as third instars. Cladotanytarsus sp. was the first to molt to the fourth instar in the spring, Harnischia sp. was second, and P. simulans last. Both Cladotanytarsus sp. and Harnischia sp. emerged throughout the summer; P. simulans had a limited period of emergence in the summer. The sex of the mermithids was correlated with their number per host. Intersexes in parasitized adult Harnischia sp. are described and illustrated.

scholarly journals Mechanisms behind the Madness: How Do Zombie-Making Fungal Entomopathogens Affect Host Behavior To Increase Transmission?

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charissa de Bekker ◽  
William C. Beckerson ◽  
Carolyn Elya
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Host Behavior ◽  
Crucial Step ◽  
Fungal Entomopathogens ◽  
New Hosts

Transmission is a crucial step in all pathogen life cycles. As such, certain species have evolved complex traits that increase their chances to find and invade new hosts.

scholarly journals Observations of Above-Surface Littoral Foraging in Two Sea Ducks, Barrow's Goldeneye, Bucephala islandica, and Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspicillata, in Coastal Southwestern British Columbia

2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Deborah L. Lacroix ◽  
Kenneth G. Wright ◽  
Daniel Kent
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Mytilus Trossulus ◽  
Sea Ducks ◽  
Melanitta Perspicillata ◽  
Bucephala Islandica ◽  
Intertidal Mussel ◽  
Surf Scoter

Barrow's Goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica) and Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) were observed on four separate occasions, by three different observers, foraging on Bay Mussels (Mytilus trossulus) above the water surface. This unique foraging behaviour could be attributed to diurnal spring tides and reduced lower intertidal mussel abundance.

Eucotyle castanea n.sp. and other trematodes of the family Eucotylidae from birds in British Columbia

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1053-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris N. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
First Record ◽  
Brown Pigment ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bucephala Islandica ◽  
Podiceps Grisegena ◽  
Charadrius Vociferus ◽  
Clangula Hyemalis ◽  
The Relationship

Four species of trematodes of the family Eucotylidae were collected from birds in British Columbia. Eucotyle castanea n.sp. from Melanitta deglandi (Bonaparte) differs from other members of the genus mainly by the presence, throughout its parenchyma, of a reddish-brown pigment. E. cohni Skrjabin, 1924 was recovered from Podiceps grisegena holböllii Reinhardt, Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus), Bucephala clanguia (Linneaus), and Padiceps aurittis (Linnaeus). E. warreni Schell, 1967 was collected from Bucephala islandica (Gmelin) and Tanaisia fedtschenkoi Skrjabin, 1924 from Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus. This is the first record of the occurrence of these parasite species in Canada.The structure of the cirrus sac in E. castanea and E. cohni and the excretory system of the latter species are described. The relationship between Eucotyle and Tanaisia is discussed and a key to the species of Eucotyle is included.

scholarly journals Distribution and numbers of wintering sea ducks in Swedish offshore waters

Ornis Svecica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1–2) ◽  
pp. 39-59
Author(s):  
Leif Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Sea Ducks ◽  
Aerial Surveys ◽  
Mergus Serrator ◽  
Melanitta Fusca ◽  
Clangula Hyemalis ◽  
Swedish Data

The first survey of seaducks covering the offshore waters of the entire Baltic was undertaken in 1992/1993, when, however, the Swedish waters were covered with relatively few ship surveys. The second all Baltic survey 2007–2011 included extensive aerial surveys of all Swedish offshore waters. This paper presents the Swedish data from these two surveys, supplemented with data from several other but partial surveys back to the early 1970s. The most numerous wintering seaduck in the Swedish waters was the Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis with an estimated population of 1.41 million in 1992/1993, decreasing with 69% to 0.44 million in 2007–2009. Hoburg bank south of Gotland and the two Midsjö banks accounted for the vast majority of these ducks. In 2009–2011 only small numbers of scoters Melanitta fusca and M. nigra were found in Swedish Baltic waters. The totals for the Eider Somateria molissima and Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator were estimated at 20,000 and 8,000, respectively. Larger numbers of Eiders (50,000) and scoters (20,000) were found on the west coast.

scholarly journals Sexual Development in Non-Human Parasitic Apicomplexa: Just Biology or Targets for Control?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2891
Author(s):  
Teresa Cruz-Bustos ◽  
Anna Sophia Feix ◽  
Bärbel Ruttkowski ◽  
Anja Joachim
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Transmission Blocking ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Sexual Stages ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Effective Transmission

The phylum Apicomplexa is a major group of protozoan parasites including gregarines, coccidia, haemogregarines, haemosporidia and piroplasms, with more than 6000 named species. Three of these subgroups, the coccidia, hemosporidia, and piroplasms, contain parasites that cause important diseases of humans and animals worldwide. All of them have complex life cycles involving a switch between asexual and sexual reproduction, which is key to their development. Fertilization (i.e., fusion of female and male cells) results in the formation of a zygote that undergoes meiosis, forming a new generation of asexual stages. In eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is the predominant mode of recombination and segregation of DNA. Sex is well documented in many protist groups, and together with meiosis, is frequently linked with transmission to new hosts. Apicomplexan sexual stages constitute a bottleneck in the life cycle of these parasites, as they are obligatory for the development of new transmissible stages. Consequently, the sexual stages represent attractive targets for vaccination. Detailed understanding of apicomplexan sexual biology will pave the way for the design and implementation of effective transmission-blocking strategies for parasite control. This article reviews the current knowledge on the sexual development of Apicomplexa and the progress in transmission-blocking vaccines for their control, their advantages and limitations and outstanding questions for the future.

Re-description of the slug-parasitic nematode Alloionema appendiculatum Schneider, 1859 (Rhabditida: Alloionematidae)

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 897-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Nermuť ◽  
Vladimír Půža ◽  
Zdeněk Mráček
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Pictorial Material ◽  
New Information ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Arion Vulgaris ◽  
The City

Alloionema appendiculatum is a common juvenile parasite of many terrestrial molluscs. Its third-stage juveniles (dauers) invade the foot muscle of snails and slugs and develop into fourth-stage juveniles, which then leave the host. Later they mature and reproduce in the soil. A population of A. appendiculatum was isolated from infected individuals of the invasive slug Arion vulgaris (= A. lusitanicus), collected in the city of České Budějovice, Czech Republic, and was designated as the AL strain. This nematode is also able to reproduce on pig kidney in laboratory culture. Our isolate was compared primarily with the description published by Mengert (1953) and in some aspects with the original description published by Schneider (1859). Insufficient morphology, morphometrics, phylogeny and an absence of pictorial material encouraged us to re-describe this frequent slug parasite and to add some new information on its life-cycle. The species is characterised by the absence, in adults, of ridges in the lateral fields. At this life stage the stoma is short, narrow and approximately twice as long as it is broad. Fourth-stage female juveniles produce a mucus-like substance from the phasmids. Males possess six pairs of papillae and a single inconspicuous papilla. The nematode has both parasitic and saprophytic life-cycles. Parasitic adults are bigger than the saprophytes and have a thick, digitate tail, whereas the smaller saprophytic generation has a filiform tail. The species is amphimictic, displaying a higher proportion of females, but males are frequent.

Morphological and molecular characterization of selected species of Hysterothylacium (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) from marine fish in Iraqi waters

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ghadam ◽  
M. Banaii ◽  
E.T. Mohammed ◽  
J. Suthar ◽  
S. Shamsi
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Larval Type ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Bandar Abbas

AbstractHysterothylacium species are perhaps the most abundant and diverse group of marine ascaridoids; however, their life cycle and specific identification in larval stages in many parts of the world, particularly in Iraqi marine waters, have not been completely understood. In this study three members of the genus Hysterothylacium collected from Khor Abdulla in Iraq are morphologically described, genetically characterized and their relationship with other closely related taxa are compared and discussed. A new Hysterothylacium larval type in the fourth stage of development is described, and morphological and molecular evidence (based on the sequences of internal transcribed spacers) are provided for its distinction from previously known fourth-stage Hysterothylacium larval types. Based on the sequence data it is suggested that the new larval type, which herein was assigned as Hysterothylacium larval type XVI, is H. persicum which was previously reported from the close proximity in Bandar Abbas, Iran. In addition, two other taxa, including Hysterothylacium larval type XV and H. reliquens, have been found in the present study, for which new hosts are reported. This study provides some insights into the taxonomy and systematics of these parasites, not only in this region but also for similar studies elsewhere.

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