Aerial respiration in the catfish, Corydoras aeneus (Callichthyidae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1984-1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Kramer ◽  
Martha McClure
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Posterior Intestine ◽  
Partial Pressures

Corydoras aeneus uses the posterior intestine for aerial respiration. Ventilation takes place in a rapid dash to the surface. Air is inspired during the 0.06–0.07 s that the mouth is exposed; expiration occurs via the anus as the fish begins to dive. Air breathing occurs at all dissolved oxygen partial pressures [Formula: see text] from 0 Torr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa) to at least 140 Torr, but frequency, ranging from 1–45 breaths∙h−1, is negatively correlated with [Formula: see text]. Corydoras aeneus survive at least 9 days without air breathing under normoxic conditions [Formula: see text] but below 15 Torr, only fish able to reach the surface survive. Air-breathing rates are significantly influenced by variations in depth between 10–120 cm but the pattern of response depends on [Formula: see text] and involves changes in activity.

The respiratory behaviour of an air-breathing catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Clariidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Bevan ◽  
Donald L. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Travel Costs ◽  
Clarias Macrocephalus ◽  
Do So

Clarias macrocephalus are continuous, facultative air breathers. Individuals (7.6–20.9 g) survived more than 25 days in normoxic water without surface access. Buoyancy decreased and water-breathing frequency increased when surface access was denied, but growth rate and the frequency of air-breathing attempts did not change. We examined air-breathing and water-breathing frequency in shallow (60 cm) and deep (235 cm) water under normoxic (8.0 mg O2∙L−1) and hypoxic (0.3, 0.7, 1.2, and 2.0 mg O2∙L−1) conditions to examine how changes in the travel costs of breathing affected the use of each respiratory mode. Air-breathing and water-breathing frequency increased as dissolved oxygen decreased from 8.0 to 2.0 mg O2∙L−1. Below this level air breathing continued to increase, but water breathing dropped sharply. At higher levels of dissolved oxygen (8.0 and 2.0 mg O2∙L−1), fish in deep water had lower air-breathing and higher water-breathing frequencies than fish in shallow water. Vertical distance travelled and time spent in air breathing increased with increasing depth and with decreasing level of dissolved oxygen. These results support the hypotheses that travel is a significant cost of aerial respiration and that fish respond to increases in this cost by decreasing their use of atmospheric oxygen when dissolved oxygen concentration permits them to do so.

scholarly journals Comparative Histological Analysis of Intestines of Loach, Grass Carp and Catfish Provide Insights into Adaptive Characteristics in Air-Breathing Fish

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Longfei Huang ◽  
Lijuan Yang ◽  
Jianfang Liu ◽  
Xiaojuan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Grass Carp ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Pelteobagrus Fulvidraco ◽  
Diffusion Distance ◽  
Yellow Catfish ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Posterior Intestine ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Mucosal Folds

AbstractAccessory respiratory is generally accepted to have evolved independently on numerous occasions in adaption to aquatic hypoxia in freshwater habitats. In general, the air-breathing organ in fish is believed to be structurally modified to supplement respiration. In this study, intuitive evidence for elaborate structural modifications of the intestine, an air-breathing organ in mud loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), compared with two other obligate aquatic breathers, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), were directly provided by histological and morphometric methods. As a result, a sharply decreasing height of mucosal folds and thickness of muscularis were manifested in loach intestine from its anterior to posterior region. Compared with grass carp and yellow catfish, loach had the smallest ratios of mucosal fold height/muscularis thickness to intestinal lumen radius in the posterior intestine. These suggested that the posterior intestine is the air-breathing location for the loach. Furthermore, length density of capillary (0.46±0.05 μm−2) in the posterior intestine of the loach was significantly higher than those of grass carp and yellow catfish. Meanwhile, diffusion distance of air-blood barrier (1.34±0.04 μm) in the posterior intestine of the loach was significantly smaller than those of the other two fish species. In summary, the characteristics of highly vascularized, short diffusion distance of air-blood barrier, thinned and flattened made the posterior intestine a perfect air-breathing location for the loach.

The Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Growth and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Mouse LS Cells

1969 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
D. G. KILBURN ◽  
M. D. LILLY ◽  
DAPHNE A. SELF ◽  
F. C. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Lactate And Pyruvate ◽  
Logarithmic Growth

Batch cultures of mouse LS cells were grown in suspension at controlled dissolved oxygen partial pressures (pO2. At low pO2 (1.6 mmHg) the growth and respiration rates and the final cell population were all limited. At high pO2 (320 mmHg), cell division was inhibited after an initial doubling of the cell number. At intermediate values of pO2 the growth rate was constant but the final cell population varied. Within the pO2 range of 40-100 mmHg, the final cell population was constant and maximal at 1.2x106 viable cells/ml. Except at 320 mmHg pO2 about 90% of the glucose consumed served as an energy source and could be accounted for as lactate and CO2. In the culture at 320 mmHg, only 60% of the glucose consumed could be accounted for in this way. During growth the production of lactate and pyruvate was highest at low pO2. A sharp increase in lactate production was observed as logarithmic growth ceased in each culture, except at high pO2 (160 mmHg). These observations indicate that pO2 markedly influences cell growth and carbohydrate metabolism in these cells.

A Functional Analysis of the Aquatic and Aerial Respiratory Movements of an African Lungfish, Protopterus Aethiopicus, With Reference to the Evolution of the Lung-Ventilation Mechanism in Vertebrates

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. MCMAHON
Keyword(s):  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
African Lungfish ◽  
Pump Mechanism ◽  
Elasmobranch Fishes ◽  
Breathing Mechanism ◽  
Respiratory Movements ◽  
Branchial Region

1. The anatomy of the head and branchial region of Protopterus has been studied by dissection and section techniques to show the relation between skeletal and muscular elements. X-ray cinematographic, pressure and electromyographic techniques have been used to show how the muscular and skeletal systems interact to produce the respiratory movements. The mechanisms involved in aquatic and aerial respiration in Protopterus have thus been elucidated. 2. The mechanisms of branchial irrigation has been shown to be basically similar to that seen in teleost and elasmobranch fishes, and also similar to that seen in larval amphibia. 3. The aerial cycle is composed of a series of aquatic-type cycles, each of which is modified slightly to serve a specific function in the aerial cycle. Inspiration occurs by a buccal force-pump mechanism. Expiration occurs by the release of compressed pulmonary gas, aided by the elasticity of the lung wall. 4. In this animal the air-breathing mechanism is derived from the aquatic mechanism. The modifications are relatively simple and produce an efficient ventilation mechanism. 5. No movements of the ribs can be seen associated with the respiratory cycles. It is suggested that the aspiratory ventilation mechanisms were not present in the prototetrapods and were not evolved until a later, more fully terrestrial stage was reached. 6. The evidence suggests that the air-breathing mechanism of the tetrapods was powered by a buccal force-pump mechanism which evolved directly from the aquatic system. The evolution of a new mechanism for lung ventilation in the prototetrapods is considered unnecessary.

Short-term effects of food availability on air-breathing frequency in the fish Corydoras aeneus (Callichthyidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1964-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Kramer ◽  
E. Anne Braun
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Food Presentation ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Tension ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Before And After

To examine the hypothesis that breathing patterns in fish capable of bimodal respiration can be modified by ecological factors that alter the relative costs of air and water breathing, we determined the air-breathing frequency and activity of a group of Corydoras aeneus before and after presentation of small amounts of food. In nature a reduction in air breathing while feeding on small, patchy resources should reduce loss of food to competitors and lower the risk of failing to relocalize the food source. Activity always increased after food presentation, but the change in air breathing depended on dissolved oxygen tension. Air breathing decreased after food presentation at 116 and 72 torr (1 torr = 133.322 Pa), stayed the same at 44 torr, and increased at 24 torr. This suggests that although oxygen demand increases during feeding, air breathing is decreased when the ambient conditions permit a compensatory increase in the uptake of dissolved oxygen.

Metabolism, nitrogen excretion, and heat shock proteins in the central mudminnow (Umbra limi), a facultative air-breathing fish living in a variable environment

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Currie ◽  
B. Bagatto ◽  
M. DeMille ◽  
A. Learner ◽  
D. LeBlanc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Variable Environment ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Shock Proteins

The central mudminnow ( Umbra limi (Kirtland, 1841)) is a continuous, facultative air-breathing freshwater fish found in swamps of central Canada and northeastern USA. The first goal of this field and laboratory-based study was to characterize the physicochemical conditions of mudminnow habitat during the summer. Our second goal was to determine the metabolic, stress response, and nitrogen excretion strategies of this fish following variations in water temperature, dissolved oxygen, external ammonia, and short-term periods of air exposure. We report profound diurnal fluctuations in water temperature (13–31 °C), dissolved oxygen (2%–159% air saturation), and ammonia levels (10–240 μmol·L−1) in habitat of central mudminnow measured on three dates at six different sites over 24 h. The central mudminnow does not induce urea synthesis as a mechanism of ammonia detoxification, either in response to emersion (6 or 20 h) or elevated external ammonia (10 mmol·L–1). Acute exposure to high temperature (~31 °C), aquatic hypoxia, or air resulted in significant increases in blood glucose and liver heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 and hypoxia also caused an increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism. This is the first description of the heat shock response in a facultative air-breathing fish following either hypoxia or air exposure. These metabolic and molecular responses are part of a strategy that allows the mudminnow to thrive in extremely variable freshwater environments.

scholarly journals Functional conflicts between feeding and gas exchange in suspension-feeding tadpoles, Xenopus laevis

1984 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Feder ◽  
D. B. Seale ◽  
M. E. Boraas ◽  
R. J. Wassersug ◽  
A. G. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Suspension Feeding ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Metabolic Requirement ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Hypoxic Water

Air-breathing tadpoles of Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Anura) use buccopharyngeal surfaces for both gas exchange and capture of food particles in the water. In dense food suspensions, tadpoles decrease ventilation of the buccopharynx and increase air breathing. The lung ventilatory frequency is elevated even though the rate of oxygen consumption is at or below resting levels, suggesting that the lung hyperventilation reflects compensation for decreased buccopharyngeal respiration rather than an increased metabolic requirement. If tadpoles in hypoxic water are prevented from breathing air, they increase buccopharyngeal respiration at the expense of feeding. Aerial respiration evidently permits the buccopharyngeal surfaces to be used primarily for food entrapment.

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