The life history of Dicosmoecus atripes (Hagen) (Limnephilidae: Trichoptera) in a Rocky Mountain stream of Alberta, Canada

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 586-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vytenis Gotceitas ◽  
Hugh F. Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Microhabitat Selection ◽  
Biomass Turnover ◽  
First Instar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Instar

Dicosmoecus atripes (Hagen) has a 2-year life cycle in Dyson Creek, Alberta, a second order foothills stream of the eastern Canadian Rockies. Emergence and oviposition occur from August to mid-October. The first winter is spent as first instar larvae, the second as inactive fifth (final) instars in a form of diapause. No growth was observed in overwintering first instar larvae, and a significant (P < 0.05) weight loss was recorded in overwintering fifth instar larvae. Temperature seems to be the most important factor responsible for the 2-year life cycle. Annual production was estimated at 91.4 mg∙m−2∙year−1, with an annual production and biomass turnover (P/B) ratio of 4.97. Larval diet and microhabitat changed between instars. The proportion of diatoms in the diet of early instar larvae was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than that of third and later instars. Early instar larvae inhabit stream margins, while larvae of third and later instars were mainly found in midstream reaches. Larvae of all instars preferred pools to riffles. Abiotic factors important in microhabitat selection seemed to differ between larval instars.

The life history of Zapada columbiana (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) in a Rocky Mountain stream

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1273-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Mutch ◽  
G. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Predominant Component ◽  
Conifer Needles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Autochthonous Production ◽  
Salix Glauca

The life cycle of Zapada columbiana (Claassen) is basically 3 years in a subalpine stream in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, although some individuals may complete their life cycle in 2 years. Adults emerged from mid-April to early June and did not disperse far from the stream. Emerging adults and ovipositing females showed no tendency to move upstream. The eggs hatched prior to winter of the same year and growth of larvae was confined to the ice-free period of June to November. It was estimated that at any time during the growth season at least 50% of the population in the stream was in moss covering boulders and cobbles in riffles. Moss was the predominant component in guts of larvae taken from moss, and detritus predominated in guts of larvae from other habitats. During the winter, detritus (from conifer needles) was the major component of the gut contents. Experiments demonstrated that larvae grew faster on moss than on conditioned Salix glauca leaves. Larvae grew on conifer needles only when the latter were highly conditioned and fragmented. This study has indicated that Zapada columbiana, an abundant shredder in many Rocky Mountain subalpine creeks, is as dependent on the autochthonous production of moss as it is on allochthonous detritus.

The life history of Philocasca alba (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) in a Rocky Mountain stream

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1282-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Mutch ◽  
G. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Conifer Needles ◽  
History Of

The life cycle of Philocasca alba Nimmo spans 3 years in a cold, second order, subalpine stream in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. The flight period was from mid-May to late July. Larval instar 1 was found only in August–September; all other four instars were present in samples throughout most of the year. In their third autumn in the stream larvae in the final instar burrowed into gravel, pupated, and overwintered. Growth was confined to the ice-free period, June to November, when larval densities were greatest among deposits of conifer needles, cones, and woody material in pools. Larvae from these detrital accumulations had mainly fragments of conifer needles in their guts, although laboratory experiments showed that larvae could feed and grow on conifer needles only if they were highly conditioned. The later instars, particularly instar V, constituted a much greater than expected proportion of total larvae among submerged bank vegetation in spring and summer and deciduous leaves in autumn. Larvae in these two microhabitats mainly had fragments of moss and fragments of leaves, respectively, in their guts. The importance of moss was confirmed by a field experiment which showed that fifth instar larvae had significantly faster growth rates when fed on detritus supplemented with bank moss than detritus alone or detritus supplemented with deciduous leaves during the autumn.

Ecology and coexistence of two species of Brachycentrus (Trichoptera) in a Rocky Mountain river

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1469-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Richard Hauer ◽  
Jack A. Stanford
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Mountain River ◽  
Spring Runoff ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Spring Freshet ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Peak Runoff

Life-cycle dynamics, growth rates, and relative abundance of Brachycentrus occidentalis and Brachycentrus americanus were studied over a 3-year period in the Flathead River, Montana. Brachycentrus occidentalis appeared as early instar larvae in mid to late summer, grew rapidly during autumn, and reached fourth and fifth instars prior to winter conditions. Most larvae remained active until mid-spring and the onset of spring runoff. Individuals pupated during late April through May and adults emerged after peak runoff in mid-June. Brachycentrus americanus larvae appeared as first instar larvae in autumn and overwintered as early instars. Larvae grew rapidly during spring as temperatures began to rise, but growth was discontinued during spring runoff. Larvae completed growth during summer after the runoff period and emerged in late August and early September. Growth patterns and emergence of both species occurred primarily during fall or spring and late summer, with little growth during winter or spring freshet. Thus growth was associated with quantitatively similar but temporally different periods of organic seston, temperature, and moderate flow.

Analysis of a Population Sampling Method for the Lodgepole Needle Miner in Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks

1952 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Population Sampling ◽  
Adequate Sampling ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Feeding

General.—The purpose of this paper is to analyse a sampling method devised to assess larval populations in an outbreak of the lodgepole needle miner, Recurvaria milleri Busck (Busck 1914, Hopping 1945).The problem of developing an adequate sampling method is intimately concerned with the life-history of the insect, the region of the outbreak and the nature of the forest stand in which the outbreak occurs. In sampling most defoliator populations the problem is made more difficult by external feeding and wandering habits, hence it is usually done in some relatively inactive stage at a fixed time. de Gryse (1934) describes the problems inherent in sampling these insects. The needle miner, however, is fixed in its location for most of its life-cycle and is therefore readily obtainable for study. The problem here is reduced to a statistical one, that of obtaining an acceptable sample i.e. within suitable error limits with due regard for existing variables.

Life histories, production, and microdistribution of two caddisflies (Trichoptera) in a Rocky Mountain stream

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 2706-2716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gael A. Ogilvie ◽  
Hugh F. Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Prepupal Stage ◽  
First Order ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Two Populations

This paper reports results of a 2-year study of the caddisflies Oligophlebodes zelti (Limnephilidae) and Neothremma alicia (Uenoidae) in a first-order Rocky Mountain stream of southern Alberta. The Oligophlebodes population had a univoltine cycle: eggs were oviposited in July and August and hatched in about 20 days, and the larvae grew rapidly during the remainder of the ice-free season. Larvae overwintered in the fourth larval instar and molted to the fifth instar the following spring. Pupation occurred in June, and adults started emerging in mid-July. Annual production for the O. zelti population was 116 mg∙m−2∙year−1. The Neothremma population had a 2-year cycle. Eggs apparently hatched after freeze-up. Larvae overwintered in the second instar. Most of the population achieved the third instar by the following July and the fourth instar by August, and spent the second winter in either the fourth or fifth instar. There was about a 3-week prepupal stage the following July and then emergence in July and August. Annual production for the N. alicia population was 103 mg∙m−2∙year−1. Oligophlebodes zelti and N. alicia larvae fed mainly on fine particulate organic matter and diatoms. Both O. zelti and N. alicia larvae were found on rocks only in fast water areas, but the two populations did not inhabit the same riffles. The riffles inhabited by O. zelti were wider with lower slopes and water velocities than riffles dominated by N. alicia larvae. Correlation analysis, using several parameters, indicated that total periphyton of the rocks might be a major factor accounting for O. zelti's distribution. The microdistribution of the N. alicia population was not correlated with any food source.

New rearing method, life cycle, tunneling behavior and ecological notes on the splendid ghost moth Aenetus djernaesae Simonsen, 2018 from Western Australia (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
PAUL KAY ◽  
PAUL M HUTCHINSON ◽  
JOHN A GREHAN
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Rearing Method ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
First Time ◽  
Tunneling Behavior

This study successfully documents, for the first time, the entire life cycle of Aenetus djernaesae Simonsen, 2018 and confirms the efficacy of using supplemental sources of fungi to feed the early instar larvae. Fresh cut pieces of the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) and sections of Eucalyptus L’Her. bark were placed around the base of potted host plants –Myoporum insulare R.Br. (Scrophulariaceae) and the potential host plant Dodonea hackettiana W.Fitz. (Sapindaceae). First instar larvae were added to this matrix where they fed on the mushroom and bark. The life cycle comprised egg development of 20 days, fungal feeding of ~36 days, and host plant development (including pupal) of ~300 days. Adult emergence of reared and field collected samples occurred within a 22 day period. Larvae transferring from fungi to host plants transitioned during the night by constructing a web of silk and plant tissues within two hours and proceeding to excavate a tunnel from within. The mature larval tunnel is relatively short, up to 220 mm in length and usually extending below the entrance around which the larvae grazes on callus tissue forming after bark removal. Most adults emerged within an hour of dusk with the pupa protruding from the top of the vestibule. The rearing method described here demonstrates the feasibility of laboratory based studies of larval development in Aenetus Herrrich-Schäffer and other callus-feeding stem boring Hepialidae.  Key words: Hepialidae, Aenetus, life cycle, artificial diet, Myoporum, Dodonea, larval foodplant

scholarly journals Curculio Curculis lupus: biology, behavior and morphology of immatures of the cannibal weevil Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno A S de Medeiros ◽  
Daniela C Bená ◽  
Sergio A Vanin
Keyword(s):  
Instar Larva ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The One ◽  
Plant Feeders ◽  
New Synonymy

Weevils are one of the largest groups of living organisms, with more than 60,000 species feeding mostly on plants. With only one exception, their described larvae are typical plant-feeders, with mouthparts adapted to chewing plant material. Here we describe the second case of a weevil with early-instar larvae adapted to killing conspecifics. We have studied the life history of Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943, a species whose immatures feed internally on palm flowers and fruits. We provide detailed descriptions of all immature stages, including the extremely modified first-instar larva. Unlike other weevils and later instars, this stage exhibits a flat body with very long ventropedal lobe setae, a large and prognathous head with a gula, and falciform mandibles, each with a serrate retinaculum, that are used to fight with and eventually kill other first-instar larvae. We also provide biological notes on all stages and the results of behavioral tests that showed that larval aggression occurs only among early life stages. Finally we show that adult size is highly dependent on timing of oviposition. This specialized killer first instar probably evolved independently from the one other case known in weevils (in Revena rubiginosa). Interestingly, both lineages inhabit the same hosts, raising the possibility that both intra- and inter-specific competition shaped those phenotypes. Given the scarcity of knowledge on early larval stages of concealed insect herbivores, it is possible that our findings represent an instance of a much broader phenomenon. Our observations also allowed us to conclude that Anchylorhynchus eriospathae and A. hatschbachi G. G. Bondar, 1943 are actually the same species, which we synonymize here by considering the latter as a junior synonym (new synonymy).

scholarly journals Curculio Curculis lupus: biology, behavior and morphology of immatures of the cannibal weevil Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno A S de Medeiros ◽  
Daniela C Bená ◽  
Sergio A Vanin
Keyword(s):  
Instar Larva ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The One ◽  
Plant Feeders ◽  
New Synonymy

Weevils are one of the largest groups of living organisms, with more than 60,000 species feeding mostly on plants. With only one exception, their described larvae are typical plant-feeders, with mouthparts adapted to chewing plant material. Here we describe the second case of a weevil with early-instar larvae adapted to killing conspecifics. We have studied the life history of Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943, a species whose immatures feed internally on palm flowers and fruits. We provide detailed descriptions of all immature stages, including the extremely modified first-instar larva. Unlike other weevils and later instars, this stage exhibits a flat body with very long ventropedal lobe setae, a large and prognathous head with a gula, and falciform mandibles, each with a serrate retinaculum, that are used to fight with and eventually kill other first-instar larvae. We also provide biological notes on all stages and the results of behavioral tests that showed that larval aggression occurs only among early life stages. Finally we show that adult size is highly dependent on timing of oviposition. This specialized killer first instar probably evolved independently from the one other case known in weevils (in Revena rubiginosa). Interestingly, both lineages inhabit the same hosts, raising the possibility that both intra- and inter-specific competition shaped those phenotypes. Given the scarcity of knowledge on early larval stages of concealed insect herbivores, it is possible that our findings represent an instance of a much broader phenomenon. Our observations also allowed us to conclude that Anchylorhynchus eriospathae and A. hatschbachi G. G. Bondar, 1943 are actually the same species, which we synonymize here by considering the latter as a junior synonym (new synonymy).

The reproductive life history of the predacious, sand-burrowing mayfly Dolania americana (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae) and comparisons with other mayflies

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Fink ◽  
Tomás Soldán ◽  
Janice G. Peters ◽  
William L. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Linear Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Large Size ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Oocyte Resorption

Oogenesis in Dolania is unique among Ephemeroptera, with one oocyte developing per ovariole, low numbers of ovarioles, and routine resorption of one-third to one-half of ovarioles. Fecundity is 20 times smaller than in mayflies from other families, and mature egg dry weight is approximately 32 times the values of non-Behningiidae mayflies. Seventy percent of the linear growth of maturing oocytes occurs in a 2- to 3-week period during the late penultimate to early final larval stadia. The gut does not atrophy fully, and nonmaturing oocytes remain small and are not resorbed until the other oocytes reach maturity. Thus, resorbing oocytes are probably not an important energy source for the maturing oocytes. Starvation can further reduce Dolania fecundity from a normal 100 eggs to 6. Limited oocyte resorption appears common in mayflies. Callibaetis ferrugineus female imagos, which are ovoviviparous, resorb much of their abdominal muscle. Some ovulation and even egg development may occur in the adult stage of many oviparous species. The thick chorion and thick, sticky fibrous suprachorionic layer of Dolania's egg probably resist damage from sand and fungi for nearly 1 year in a coarse rolling sand habitat. The large egg produces a well-developed first-instar larva 2.5–5 times the length of any other mayfly first instar. The reproductive strategy of Dolania and Behningia, unlike that of other mayflies, is to produce large eggs and thereby large predatory early-instar larvae capable of exploiting a large size range of prey.

Behavior and life history of Leucotrichia pictipes (Banks) (Trichoptera:Hydroptilidae) with special emphasis on case reoccupancy

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1557-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. McAuliffe
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
New Space

Leucotrichia pictipes (Banks) has a univoltine life cycle in Owl Creek, a western Montana stream. Early instar (I–IV) larvae appear in mid-July and case acquisition by instar V larvae occurs during July and August. Larvae overwinter in cases and adults emerge the following June and July. Emerging pupae cut round emergence holes at one end of their cases. These old cases remain unoccupied for several weeks but then are reinhabited by the next generation of larvae. Over 75% of cases are reoccupied in this manner. A small proportion of old cases is also occupied by other invertebrates such as early instar hydropsychids. If old cases are not available, newly molted instar V larvae construct new cases. The numerical dominance of Leucotrichia in Owl Creek may be due to its ability to reoccupy old cases as well as to occupy new space by constructing new cases.

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