Restriction fragment analysis of mitochondrial DNA in Common Murres, Uria aalge, from four Norwegian seabird colonies

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1577-1584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Truls Moum ◽  
Kjell Einar Erikstad ◽  
Eirik Bjørklid
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Uria Aalge ◽  
Population Bottlenecks ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
Common Murres ◽  
Seabird Colonies

Alcid species (auks) breed in a restricted number of large seabird colonies and are considered highly philopatric. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Common Murres, Uria aalge, from four Norwegian colonies was investigated by restriction analysis to assess the amount of geographic population structure and genetic variability in a colonial breeder. Eleven restriction endonucleases revealed 13 mtDNA genotypes among 51 individuals. Genetic diversity was low, with an average of 0.11% (range 0.0–0.55%) sequence divergence between all individuals. Population divergence within the surveyed region seems to be minimal, demonstrated by the low levels of sequence divergence between colonies and lack of spatial structuring of genotypes. Such results can be expected if birds originated from a smaller ancestral population during glaciation, and may have been reinforced by repeated population bottlenecks and considerable gene flow between colonies.

Geographic population structure and sequence divergence in the mitochondrial DNA control region of the Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax), with reference to those of domestic pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohiko Okumura ◽  
Naotaka Ishiguro ◽  
Masuo Nakano ◽  
Katsuya Hirai ◽  
Akira Matsui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Control Region ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Control Region ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Japanese Wild Boar

scholarly journals THE USE OF RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES TO MEASURE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCE RELATEDNESS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS. I. POPULATION STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION IN THE GENUS PEROMYSCUS

Genetics ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-295
Author(s):  
John C Avise ◽  
Robert A Lansman ◽  
Rosemary O Shade
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Restriction Endonucleases ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Molecular Technique ◽  
Mtdna Sequences

ABSTRACT In this study we introduce to natural population analysis a molecular technique that involves the use of restriction endonucleases to compare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. We have examined the fragment patterns produced by six restriction endonucleases acting upon mtDNA isolated from 23 samples of three species of the rodent Peromyscus. Our observations confirm the following conclusions derived from previous experiments with laboratory animals: (1) mtDNA within an individual appears homogeneous; (2) at least the majority of mtDNA present in an individual is inherited from the female parent. Our experiments demonstrate for the first time that there is detectable heterogeneity in mtDNA sequences within and among natural geographic populations of a species and that this heterogeneity can readily be used to estimate relatedness between individuals and populations. Individuals collected within a single locale show less than 0.5% sequence divergence, while those collected from conspecific populations separated by 50 to 500 miles differ by approximately 1.5%. The mtDNAs of the closely related sibling species P. polionotus and P. mniculutus differ from each other by 13 to 17%; nonsibling species differ by more than 20%. Qualitative and quantitative approaches to analysis of digestion patterns are suggested. The results indicate that restriction analysis of mtDNA may become the most sensitive and powerful technique yet available for reconstructing evolutionary relationships among conspecific organisms.

Phylogenetic Relationships Among Members of Salvelinus Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Divergence

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 984-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Grewe ◽  
Neil Billington ◽  
Paul D. N. Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Related Taxon ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Restriction Sites

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was isolated from five species of the genus Salvelinus (alpinus, confluentus, fontinalis, malma, and namaycush) and from the closely related taxon, Hucho hucho. Restriction sites recognized by 14 endonucleases were mapped for each of the species and percent sequence divergence estimated between species pairs. A phylogeny of Savelinus based on restriction analysis of mtDNA, using Hucho as an outgroup, readily resolved the three subgenera: Baione, Cristivomer, and Salvelinus. Within Baione, no differences were detected between the mtDNA of brook (S. fontinalis fontinalis) and aurora (S. f. timagamiensis) trout. However, members of the subgenus Salvelinus were more variable such that two groups were resolved, one consisting of S. alpinus alpinus, S. a. oquassa, and S. malma, and the other of S. a. stagnalis and S. confluentus. A composite distance phenogram representing the phylogeny of the subfamily Salmoninae was constructed using the sequence divergence data obtained in the current study in conjunction with data from three other salmonid mtDNA studies. Estimates of divergence time between the major taxa of this group suggest that the salmonine genera originated in the late-Miocene to early-Pliocene, while extant species originated during the late-Pliocene to early-Pleistocene.

Restriction Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA from the Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby, Petrogale xanthopus: Implications for Management

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. B. Eldridge
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
New South ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Unique Haplotype ◽  
South Wales ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Average Sequence Divergence ◽  
Average Sequence

The extent of mitochondrial DNA divergence between populations of the vulnerable yellow-footed rock- wallaby, Petrogale xanthopus, was assessed by restriction analysis. Of the 15 restriction endonucleases, five were informative, with a single unique haplotype identified in P. x. celeris from Queensland (Qld) (n = 8) and a further two unique haplotypes in three sampled populations of P. x. xanthopus from New South Wales (NSW) (n = 1) and South Australia (SA) (n = 9). The two subspecies of P. xanthopus were found to be genetically distinct (average sequence divergence = 0·72%). As this divergence is greater than that found between some Petrogale species, it is recommended that populations of P. x. xanthopus and P. x. celeris be managed independently both in captivity and the wild. The NSW population of P. x. xanthopus appears genetically similar to those in SA, although these data are limited.

Genetic divergence of the Sunda ratsnake (Coelognathus subradiatus) across the Lesser Sunda Islands (Squamata: Colubridae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Sean B. Reilly ◽  
Alexander L. Stubbs ◽  
Benjamin R. Karin ◽  
Umilaela Arifin ◽  
Evy Arida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Sunda Shelf ◽  
Species Formation

Abstract The Lesser Sunda Archipelago consists of hundreds of oceanic islands located in southern Wallacea. The Sunda ratsnake, Coelognathus subradiatus, is endemic to the Lesser Sundas and is found on most of the major islands. Mitochondrial DNA was sequenced from snakes representing five of the major islands revealing that levels of sequence divergence between islands range from 2-7%. Phylogenetic analyses recover what can be interpreted as a three-lineage polytomy consisting of lineages from 1) Alor, 2) Sumbawa + Flores, and 3) Timor + Wetar. The archipelago was colonized from the Sunda Shelf ∼7 Myr with subsequent population divergence occurring ∼4.5 Myr, likely resulting in insular species formation.

Geographic population structure and sequence divergence in the mitochondrial DNA control region of the Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax), with reference to those of domestic pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohiko Okumura ◽  
Naotaka Ishiguro ◽  
Masuo Nakano ◽  
Katsuya Hirai ◽  
Akira Matsui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Control Region ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Control Region ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Japanese Wild Boar

scholarly journals Ecological interactions and habitat modification in nesting Common Murres, Uria aalge

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia K. Parrish ◽  
Robert T. Paine
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Habitat Modification ◽  
Haliaeetus Leucocephalus ◽  
Uria Aalge ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
Predator Removal ◽  
Common Murre ◽  
Corvus Caurinus ◽  
Common Murres

SummarySeabird populations suffer from a variety of natural and human-induced sources of mortality and loss of lifetime reproductive output. On the outer coast of Washington State, Common Murre Uria aalge populations have been in decline for approximately the last decade and are currently reproductively active only at Tatoosh Island. These murres nest in two basic habitat types: crevices (25% of the population) and larger cliff-top subcolonies (75%). Murres in cliff-top subcolonies have suffered dramatic reductions in reproductive success in recent years relative to conspecifics nesting in the crevices, primarily due to egg predation by Glaucous-winged Gulls Larus glaucescens and Northwestern Crows Corvus caurinus, facilitated by the presence of Bald Eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Because predator removal is not feasible and creation of additional crevice habitat is difficult, expensive and potentially ineffective, we have designed a temporary habitat modification (the “silk forest”) which replaces the natural vegetation cover and modifies the interaction between murres and eagles. Within the test subcolony, murres nesting under and immediately adjacent to the silk forest produced nearly twice as many eggs per square metre as their conspecifics nesting in adjacent exposed-ground areas.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversities and Historical Dynamics of Native Ethiopian Horse Populations (Equus caballus) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Kefena Effa ◽  
Sonia Rosenbom ◽  
Jianlin Han ◽  
Tadelle Dessie ◽  
Albano Beja-Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Dna Polymorphisms ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Feral Horses ◽  
Domestic Horses ◽  
D Loop ◽  
Diversity Estimates

Matrilineal genetic diversity and relationship were investigated among eight morphologically identified native Ethiopian horse populations using polymorphisms in 46 mtDNA D-loop sequences (454 base pairs). The horse populations identified were Abyssinian, Bale, Borana, Horro, Kafa, Kundido feral horses, Ogaden and Selale. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences were characterized by 15 variable sites that defined five different haplotypes. All genetic diversity estimates, including Reynolds’ linearized genetic distance, genetic differentiation (FST) and nucleotide sequence divergence (DA), revealed a low genetic differentiation in native Ethiopian horse populations. However, Kundido feral and Borana domestic horses were slightly diverged from the rest of the Ethiopian horse populations. We also tried to shed some light on the matrilineal genetic root of native Ethiopian horses from a network constructed by combining newly generated haplotypes and reference haplotypes deposited in the GenBank for Eurasian type Turkish Anatolian horses that were used as a genetic conduit between Eurasian and African horse populations. Ninety-two haplotypes were generated from the combined Ethio-Eurasian mtDNA D-loop sequences. A network reconstructed from the combined haplotypes using Median-Joining algorithm showed that haplotypes generated from native Ethiopian horses formed separate clusters. The present result encourages further investigation of the genetic origin of native African horses by retrieving additional mtDNA sequences deposited in the GenBank for African and Eurasian type horses.

scholarly journals Genetic divergence in mitochondrial DNA of Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brazil and Colombia

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Margarete Scarpassa ◽  
Silvia Geurgas ◽  
Ana Maria L. Azeredo-Espin ◽  
Wanderli Pedro Tadei
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Restriction Endonucleases ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Geographic Populations

In the present study, we have examined the variability in Anopheles nuneztovari mitochondrial DNA of three populations from the Brazilian Amazon and one from western Colombia (Sitronela), using four restriction endonucleases (BclI, ClaI, HindIII, SstI). The haplotype diversity (h) was slightly elevated in all populations (0.5000 to 0.6765), whereas the nucleotide diversity (pi) was lower in the Sitronela population (0.0029) and higher in populations from the Brazilian Amazon (0.0056 to 0.0098). The degree of sequence divergence (delta) estimated within the Brazilian Amazon and that in Sitronela (0.0329 to 0.0371) suggests that these geographic populations of A. nuneztovari may eventually constitute separate species. The low sequence divergence values among the three Brazilian Amazon populations (0.0012 to 0.0031) indicate that these populations are genetically similar. These results are consistent with those recently reported for allozymes of these same populations.

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