UNDERSTANDING IN THE SHAPE UNDERSTANDING SYSTEM

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 727-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZBIGNIEW LES ◽  
MAGDALENA LES
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Intelligence Tests ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Visual Thinking ◽  
Visual Concept ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Visual Understanding ◽  
And Performance

Understanding is based on a large number of highly varied abilities called intelligence that can be measured. In this paper understanding abilities of the shape understanding system (SUS) are tested based on the adoption of the intelligence tests. The SUS tests are formulated as the tasks given to the system and performance of SUS is compared with the human performance of these tasks. The main novelty of the presented method is that the process of understanding is related to the visual concept represented as a symbolic name of the possible classes of shape. The visual concept is one of the ingredients of the concept of the visual object (the phantom concept) that makes it possible to perform different tasks that are characteristic for the visual understanding. The presented results are part of the research aimed at developing the shape understanding method able to perform the complex visual tasks connected with visual thinking. The shape understanding method is implemented as the shape understanding system (SUS).

scholarly journals STABILITY AND INSTABILITY OF AN OUTDOOR ILLUMINATION INSTALLATION

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 115-119
Author(s):  
Klaus-Dieter Fröhner ◽  
Ze Li
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Work Efficiency ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Stability And Instability ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Stability

Stability and instability are very important for the layout of real world processes concerning safety and health esp. when planned by scientists. The long‐term investigation of stability was carried out for the last ten years on the basis of the installation and the evaluation of an ergonomically designed outdoor illumination. In the depicted dynamic situation the lighting design influences directly visual discomfort and human performance and in the end stability and instability. The improvement of the adaptation of luminance and its influence on the visual tasks after the rearrangement are presented and discussed. The effective factors on the visual capability and performance of workers, work efficiency and potential accidents in the night shift, and furthermore the accelerators and barriers for the stability of the project are analysed and discussed.

The Relation between Angle of Display and Performance in a Prolonged Visual Task

1950 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Visual Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Display Surface ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
And Performance

An experiment is described to test the relation between angle of display and performance in prolonged visual tasks, using the Clock Test in three positions of display surface, vertical, at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal, and horizontal. In every case the line of regard was kept at right-angles to the display surface. The results indicate that significantly fewer stimuli are missed in the vertical position of the display surface than in the other two. The deterioration observed in the second half-hour of the original Clock Test experiments was not found in the present experiment, and two possible reasons for this are discussed briefly.

Understanding aviation operators’ variability in advanced systems

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Papanikou ◽  
Utku Kale ◽  
András Nagy ◽  
Konstantinos Stamoulis
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Performance Shaping Factors ◽  
Generational Changes ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This study aims to identify variability in aviation operators in order to gain greater understanding of the changes in aviation professional groups. Research has commonly addressed human factors and automation in broad categories according to a group’s function (e.g., pilots, air traffic controllers [ATCOs], engineers). Accordingly, pilots and Air Traffic Controls (ATCOs) have been treated as homogeneous groups with a set of characteristics. Currently, critical themes of human performance in light of systems’ developments place the emphasis on quality training for improved situational awareness (SA), decision-making and cognitive load. Design/methodology/approach As key solutions centre on the increased understanding and preparedness of operators through quality training, the authors deploy an iterative mixed methodology to reveal generational changes of pilots and ATCOs. In total, 46 participants were included in the qualitative instrument and 70 in the quantitative one. Preceding their triangulation, the qualitative data were analysed using NVivo and the quantitative analysis was aided through descriptive statistics. Findings The results show that there is a generational gap between old and new generations of operators. Although positive views on advanced systems are being expressed, concerns about cognitive capabilities in the new systems, training and skills gaps, workload and role implications are presented. Practical implications The practical implications of this study extend to different profiles of operators that collaborate either directly or indirectly and that are critical to aviation safety. Specific implications are targeted on automation complacency, bias and managing information load, and training aspects where quality training can be aided by better understanding the occupational transitions under advanced systems. Originality/value In this paper, the authors aimed to understand the changing nature of the operators’ profession within the advanced technological context, and the perceptions and performance-shaping factors of pilots and ATCOs to define the generational changes.

Perceptions of Supervisors and Performance: A Thematic Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1740-1744
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Claypoole ◽  
Alexis R. Neigel ◽  
James L. Szalma
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Peer Monitoring ◽  
Perceived Performance ◽  
Employee Relationships ◽  
And Performance

Observation is a common occurrence within the workplace, and can often manifest as either peer-to-peer monitoring or supervisor-to-peer monitoring. To date, there is a limited body of research that describes changes in performance due to either a positive or negative relationship between supervisors and employees. The present study reports qualitative data on supervisor-to-employee relationships and how the quality of the relationship can alter human performance. The results indicated that relationship with a supervisor was related to perceived performance under direct observation. Women were more likely to report a positive relationship with their supervisor, yet also indicated a negative emotion toward being monitored. These results are important in understanding how supervisor presence influences individual performance when completing job-specific tasks. The implications for future research are discussed.

Level of Automation Forms a Key Aspect of Autonomy Design

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mica R. Endsley
Keyword(s):  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
Out Of The Loop ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

The concept of different levels of automation (LOAs) has been pervasive in the automation literature since its introduction by Sheridan and Verplanck. LOA taxonomies have been very useful in guiding understanding of how automation affects human cognition and performance, with several practical and theoretical benefits. Over the past several decades a wide body of research has been conducted on the impact of various LOAs on human performance, workload, and situation awareness (SA). LOA has a significant effect on operator SA and level of engagement that helps to ameliorate out-of-the-loop performance problems. Together with other aspects of system design, including adaptive automation, granularity of control, and automation interface design, LOA is a fundamental design characteristic that determines the ability of operators to provide effective oversight and interaction with system autonomy. LOA research provides a solid foundation for guiding the creation of effective human–automation interaction, which is critical for the wide range of autonomous and semiautonomous systems currently being developed across many industries.

Eyetracking-based assessment of affect-related decay of human performance in visual tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 504-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaromir Przybyło ◽  
Eliasz Kańtoch ◽  
Piotr Augustyniak
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Visual Tasks

Time-Based Modeling of Human Performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1200-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esa M. Rantanen ◽  
Brian R. Levinthal
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

This paper presents a probabilistic approach to modeling human performance. Instead of focusing on mean performance, the effects of taskload on the distributions of performance variables are examined. From such data, probabilities of given levels of performance can be derived and methods of measurement that expand the analyses beyond those of the mean developed. Results from two experiments, one abstract, the other realistic, are presented in terms of timely performance on required tasks. As taskload increased, the participants were less likely to act on the experimental tasks at an earliest opportunity than under low taskload, resulting in increase of “too late” errors. Measurement of taskload and performance in temporal terms also allowed for bracketing and making inferences about mental workload, which is not directly measurable.

scholarly journals Computational modeling of human reasoning processes for interpretable visual knowledge: a case study with radiographers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Li ◽  
Hongfei Cao ◽  
Carla M. Allen ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Sanda Erdelez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Visual Knowledge ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Visual Understanding ◽  
Reasoning Patterns ◽  
Expertise Level

AbstractVisual reasoning is critical in many complex visual tasks in medicine such as radiology or pathology. It is challenging to explicitly explain reasoning processes due to the dynamic nature of real-time human cognition. A deeper understanding of such reasoning processes is necessary for improving diagnostic accuracy and computational tools. Most computational analysis methods for visual attention utilize black-box algorithms which lack explainability and are therefore limited in understanding the visual reasoning processes. In this paper, we propose a computational method to quantify and dissect visual reasoning. The method characterizes spatial and temporal features and identifies common and contrast visual reasoning patterns to extract significant gaze activities. The visual reasoning patterns are explainable and can be compared among different groups to discover strategy differences. Experiments with radiographers of varied levels of expertise on 10 levels of visual tasks were conducted. Our empirical observations show that the method can capture the temporal and spatial features of human visual attention and distinguish expertise level. The extracted patterns are further examined and interpreted to showcase key differences between expertise levels in the visual reasoning processes. By revealing task-related reasoning processes, this method demonstrates potential for explaining human visual understanding.

Empirical Validation of the Prediction of Operator Performance (POP) Model

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
CS. Jordan ◽  
E.W. Farmer ◽  
A.J. Belyavin ◽  
S.J. Selcon ◽  
A.J. Bunting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Flight Simulation ◽  
Performance Modelling ◽  
Operator Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Modelling Environment ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Task Conditions

This paper describes an experiment conducted to validate the Prediction of Operator Performance (POP) model in a flight simulation context. The POP model uses subjective ratings of the demand imposed by single tasks to predict both the demand and performance associated with concurrent tasks. Previous experiments on the POP model have investigated a wide range of experimental tasks including tracking and verbal reasoning. In this experiment eight subjects performed flight control, threat assessment and threat identification tasks singly and in combination. Performance measures and POP scores were collected at the completion of each task condition. The results demonstrated performance decrements in the dual task conditions that were consistent with the predictions. The implications for the POP model are discussed in terms of workload modelling and human performance modelling within the context of the Integrated Performance Modelling Environment (IPME) currently being developed within the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency

scholarly journals Golden Snail Opera: The More-than-Human Performance of Friendly Farming on Taiwan’s Lanyang Plain

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Ling Tsai ◽  
Isabelle Carbonell ◽  
Joelle Chevrier ◽  
Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Pomacea Canaliculata ◽  
Apple Snail ◽  
Rice Agriculture ◽  
Golden Apple Snail ◽  
History Of ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
And Performance

Combining video and performance-oriented text, this genre-bending o-pei-la is a multispecies enactment of experimental natural history. Our players consider the golden treasure snail (金寶螺 kim-pó-lê; Pomacea canaliculata and relatives; golden apple snail), first imported to Taiwan from Argentina in 1979 for an imagined escargot industry, but now a major pest of rice agriculture in Taiwan and across Asia. Whereas farmers in the Green Revolution’s legacy use poison to exterminate snails, a new generation of friendly farmers (友善小農; youshan xiaonong) in Taiwan’s Yilan County hand-pick snails and attempt to learn enough about their lives to insert farming as one among many multispecies life ways within the paddy. Drawing on a variety of knowledge sources, including personal experience, international science, social media, traditional calendars, and local understandings of ghosts and deities, these farmers construct an experimental natural history of both new and old paddy-field denizens. Their experiments self-consciously intersect with the investigations made by other species of the paddy field. Our article offers an ethnography of both kinds of experiments, human and nonhuman. Video and text together show the performative features of cross-species acquaintance. In the process, we contribute to debates about radical alterity, showing how anthropologists can do more than sort for difference: we can identify vernacular patches of practice that mix and juxtapose many ontological alternatives.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document