ASSESSING THE SPATIAL PROPAGATION OF WEST NILE VIRUS

2008 ◽  
Vol 03 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
NORBERTO A. MAIDANA ◽  
HYUN M. YANG
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Travelling Wave ◽  
Reaction Diffusion Equations ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Usa

In this work we study a spatial model for the West Nile Virus (WNV) propagation across the USA from the east to the west. WNV is an arthropod-borne flavivirus that appeared at first time in New York city in the summer of 1999 and then spread prolifically within birds. Mammals, as human and horse, do not develop sufficiently high bloodstream titers to play a significant role in transmission, which is the reason to consider the mosquito-bird cycle. The proposed model aims to study this propagation in a system of partial differential reaction-diffusion equations considering the mosquito and the avian populations. The diffusion is allowed to both populations, being greater in avian than in the mosquito. When a threshold value R0, depending on the model's parameters, is greater than one, the disease remains endemic and could propagate to regions previously free of disease. The travelling wave solutions of the model are studied to determine the speed of the disease propagation. This wave speed is obtained as a function of the model's parameters, for instance, vertical transmission rate and avian diffusion coefficient.

Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Blitvich
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that is maintained in a bird–mosquito transmission cycle. Humans, horses and other non-avian vertebrates are usually incidental hosts, but evidence is accumulating that this might not always be the case. Historically, WNV has been associated with asymptomatic infections and sporadic disease outbreaks in humans and horses in Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. However, since 1994, the virus has caused frequent outbreaks of severe neuroinvasive disease in humans and horses in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In 1999, WNV underwent a dramatic expansion of its geographic range, and was reported for the first time in the Western Hemisphere during an outbreak of human and equine encephalitis in New York City. The outbreak was accompanied by extensive and unprecedented avian mortality. Since then, WNV has dispersed across the Western Hemisphere and is now found throughout the USA, Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. WNV has been responsible for >27,000 human cases, >25,000 equine cases and hundreds of thousands of avian deaths in the USA but, surprisingly, there have been only sparse reports of WNV disease in vertebrates in the Caribbean and Latin America. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV with particular emphasis on its transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology.

scholarly journals The West Nile Virus Outbreak of 1999 in New York: The Flushing Hospital Experience

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Asnis ◽  
R. Conetta ◽  
A. A. Teixeira ◽  
G. Waldman ◽  
B. A. Sampson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Hospital Experience

scholarly journals West Nile virus infection in humans and other vertebrates

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hrnjakovic-Cvjetkovic ◽  
V. Milosevic ◽  
V. Petrovic ◽  
G. Kovacevic ◽  
J. Radovanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
The Usa

The West Nile virus is an arthropod borne or ARBO virus from the Flaviviridae family, which is maintained in nature in the transmission cycle between hosting birds and ornithophilic mosquito vectors. The virus is capable of infecting different vertebrate species and 60 mosquito species. The infection in humans can be asymptomatic or it can have different clinical manifestations ranging from light febrile diseases to fatal meningoencephalitis. This paper presents recent findings on the activity of the West Nile virus in Europe, the USA and Serbia. Presented are the results of serological testing of human populations and animals in Serbia, and the methods of molecular diagnostics to prove the existence of the virus.

scholarly journals Bioterrorism surveillance during the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Michael Hills
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Encephalitis ◽  
The Us ◽  
West Nile Virus Encephalitis

Surveillance will not discover a bioterrorist attack and, on its own, would be futile in attempting to manage a suspected attack. Lessons from the West Nile Virus encephalitis outbreak in New York in 1999 and the release of Bacillus anthracis through the US postal system in 2001 demonstrate the primacy of clinical diagnosis in recognition.

scholarly journals Aedes japonicus and West Nile Virus in New York

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-263
Author(s):  
Christine H. DeCarlo ◽  
Scott R. Campbell ◽  
Laura L. Bigler ◽  
Hussni O. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
New York State ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Aedes Japonicus ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
The Usa ◽  
In The Wild

ABSTRACT Identifying the array of vectors that play a role in perpetuating West Nile virus (WNV) infection in endemic foci will help in controlling the disease. Aedes japonicus has the potential to be a vector in the wild of at least 3 kinds of encephalitis, including WNV. Aedes japonicus is a nonnative species in the USA that is temperature tolerant and a potential human biter. Detection of WNV in mosquito pools of this field-collected invasive species, combined with their ability to feed on humans, make this mosquito species a possible public health concern. In this study, we collected mosquito abundance data and tested them for WNV-positive mosquito samples from 3 counties in New York State. We found a significant association between the season and land demography and the likelihood of the virus in Ae. japonicus.

scholarly journals The virology, epidemiology, and clinical impact of West Nile virus: a decade of advancements in research since its introduction into the Western Hemisphere

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. MURRAY ◽  
C. WALKER ◽  
E. GOULD
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) is now endemic in the USA. After the widespread surge of virus activity across the USA, research has flourished, and our knowledge base has significantly expanded over the past 10 years since WNV was first recognized in New York City. This article provides a review of the virology of WNV, history, epidemiology, clinical features, pathology of infection, the innate and adaptive immune response, host risk factors for developing severe disease, clinical sequelae following severe disease, chronic infection, and the future of prevention.

West Nile Virus in the United States (1999–2005)

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reid Gerhardt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Native Birds ◽  
Accidental Introduction

The accidental introduction of West Nile Virus into New York City from the Old World in 1999 resulted in an epidemic in humans, horses, and birds that swept to the west coast in just 3 years. The virus is transmitted by infective mosquitoes among susceptible native birds, which serve as amplifying hosts. Clinical disease occurs in humans and horses, but not enough virus is produced in their blood to infect other mosquitoes; therefore, humans and horses are considered dead-end hosts. Humans can best protect themselves by remaining indoors during periods of high mosquito activity and/or by using recommended repellents. Effective vaccines are available for horses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document