Bounded exhaustive test input generation from hybrid invariants

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás Rosner ◽  
Valeria Bengolea ◽  
Pablo Ponzio ◽  
Shadi Abdul Khalek ◽  
Nazareno Aguirre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Input

scholarly journals A Novel Scheme for Fault Tolerant Computing

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Pramode Ranjan Bhattacharjee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Present Scheme ◽  
Triple Modular Redundancy ◽  
Test Input ◽  
Digital Network ◽  
Additional Control ◽  
Majority Voter ◽  
Modular Redundancy ◽  
Primary Output

A novel scheme for ensuring reliability in the operation of a combinational digital network has been offered in this paper. This has been achieved by making use of three copies of the same digital network along with two additional sub-networks, one of which consists of three additional control inputs, which can also be used as additional observable outputs. If both the said two sub-networks are fault free, then the primary output of the network in the present scheme will always give fault-free responses even if a fault (single or multiple) occurs in one of the three copies of the digital network under consideration. Unlike the Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) scheme, the present scheme does not require any majority voter circuit. Furthermore, unlike the TMR scheme, the additional sub-networks in the present scheme can be tested off-line by predefined test input patterns.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL AND SHARIAH LIFE INSURANCE EFFICIENCY USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulia Saputra ◽  
Muhammad Arfan ◽  
Neni Zahara
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Life Insurance Company ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Test Input

This study aims to analyze and compare the efficiency between conventional life insurance companies and Islamic life insurance companies in Indonesia over the period of 2014-2018. The sample of this study was taken from 10 conventional life insurance companies and 10 shariah life insurance companies that were selected based on the purposive sampling technique. Measurement of efficiency in this study was conducted using the method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) based on Bankers-Charnes-Cooper (BCC) and Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes (CCR) models of the value-added approach. This was followed by testing the hypothesis using a different Mann-Whitney U-test. Input variables used are assets, capital, general and administrative costs, and commission expenses. Meanwhile, the output variables are premiums and investment income. The results showed that conventional life insurance companies are more efficient than Islamic life insurance companies based on the BCC and CCR models. Furthermore, the results of different tests using the Mann-Whitney U-test showed an insignificant difference in efficiency between conventional life insurance companies and Islamic life insurance companies during the study period. The results of the comparison of the average efficiency value with the DEA method indicated that the efficiency level of a conventional life insurance company was better than a shariah life insurance company.========================================================================================================Studi Perbandingan Efisiensi antara Asuransi Jiwa Konvensional dengan Syariah Menggunakan Data Envelopment Analysis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan efisiensi perusahaan asuransi jiwa konvensional dengan perusahaan asuransi jiwa syariah di indonesia pada periode 2014-2018. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 10 perusahaan asuransi jiwa konvensional dan 10 perusahaan asuransi jiwa syariah yang dipilih berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling. Pengukuran efisiensi dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode data envelopment analysis (DEA) dengan model BCC dan CCR berdasarkan pendekatan nilai tambah. dilanjutkan dengan melakukan uji hipotesis menggunakan uji beda mann-whitney u-test. Variabel input yang digunakan adalah aset. modal. biaya administrasi dan umum. dan beban komisi. Sedangkan variabel outputnya adalah premi dan pendapatan investasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan asuransi jiwa konvensional lebih efisien dibandingkan perusahaan asuransi jiwa syariah berdasarkan pengukuran dengan model BCC maupun model CCR. Selanjutnya hasil uji beda menggunakan uji mann-whitney u- test menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan efisiensi yang signifikan antara perusahaan asuransi jiwa konvensional dan perusahaan asuransi jiwa syariah selama periode penelitian ini. Hasil perbandingan nilai efisiensi rata-rata dengan metode DEA menunjukkan bahwa tingkat efisiensi perusahaan asuransi jiwa konvensional lebih baik daripada perusahaan asuransi jiwa syariah.

Temporal constraints in associative synaptic plasticity in hippocampus and neocortex

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1295-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Debanne ◽  
Daniel E. Shulz ◽  
Yves Frégnac
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Postsynaptic Membrane ◽  
Synaptic Potentiation ◽  
Test Input ◽  
Homosynaptic Depression ◽  
Postsynaptic Cell

We present comparative experimental evidence for the induction of synaptic potentiation and depression in organotypic cultures of hippocampus and in visual cortex in vitro and in vivo. The effects of associative pairings on the efficacy of synaptic transmission are analyzed as a function of the temporal delay between presynaptic activity and post-synaptic changes imposed in membrane potential. Synchronous association at a low temporal frequency (<0.5 Hz) between presynaptic input and postsynaptic depolarization resulted in homosynaptic potentiation of functionally identified postsynaptic potentials in the three types of preparation. Synchronous pairing of afferent activity with hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell resulted in homosynaptic depression in visual cortex in vivo and in vitro. An associative form of depression was induced in hippocampus when the test input was followed repeatedly with a fixed-delay postsynaptic depolarization imposed either by intracellular current injection or synaptically. The latter process might play a significant role in heterosynaptic plasticity in visual cortex in vivo and in vitro, if it is assumed that associative depression still operates in visual cortex a few seconds after the initial surge of calcium in the postsynaptic cell. We conclude that the precise timing between presynaptic activity and polarization changes in postsynaptic membrane potential up- and down-regulates the efficacy of active pathways.Key words: synaptic potentiation, synaptic depression, asynchrony, covariance, supervised learning.

scholarly journals An Empirical Analysis of Test Input Generation Tools for Android Apps through a Sequence of Events

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1894
Author(s):  
Husam N. Yasin ◽  
Siti Hafizah Ab Hamid ◽  
Raja Jamilah Raja Yusof ◽  
Muzaffar Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Computational Cost ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
Code Coverage ◽  
Android Apps ◽  
Gui Testing ◽  
Test Input ◽  
Testing Tools ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Current State ◽  
A Minor

Graphical User Interface (GUI) testing of Android apps has gained considerable interest from the industries and research community due to its excellent capability to verify the operational requirements of GUI components. To date, most of the existing GUI testing tools for Android apps are capable of generating test inputs by using different approaches and improve the Android apps’ code coverage and fault detection performance. Many previous studies have evaluated the code coverage and crash detection performances of GUI testing tools in the literature. However, very few studies have investigated the effectiveness of the test input generation tools, especially in the events sequence length of the overall test coverage and crash detection. The event sequence length generally shows the number of steps required by the test input generation tools to detect a crash. It is critical to highlight its effectiveness due to its significant effects on time, testing effort, and computational cost. Thus, this study evaluated the effectiveness of six test input generation tools for Android apps that support the system events generation on 50 Android apps. The generation tools were evaluated and compared based on the activity coverage, method coverage, and capability in detecting crashes. Through a critical analysis of the results, this study identifies the diversity and similarity of test input generation tools for Android apps to provide a clear picture of the current state of the art. The results revealed that a long events sequence performed better than a shorter events sequence. However, a long events sequence led to a minor positive effect on the coverage and crash detection. Moreover, the study showed that the tools achieved less than 40% of the method coverage and 67% of the activity coverage.

Control of discharge patterns of medullary respiratory neurons by pulmonary vagal afferent inputs

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (6) ◽  
pp. R809-R820 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Zuperku ◽  
F. A. Hopp
Keyword(s):  
Linear Functions ◽  
Step Response ◽  
Respiratory Neurons ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Test Input ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Vagal Afferent ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Discharge Patterns

To provide a better understanding of the central mechanisms by which pulmonary afferents reflexly control breathing, the responses of single respiratory neurons to vagal afferent patterns were analyzed. Respiratory-related unit (RRU) recordings were obtained from inspiratory (I), expiratory (E), and phase-spanning neurons in the ventral medulla of halothane-anesthetized, paralyzed, ventilated, vagotomized, mongrel dogs. Electrical stimulation of the largest vagal fibers was used to reflexly alter I and E durations (TI and TE) and to present various temporal input patterns to RRU. The net response was quantified by taking the difference between cycle-triggered histograms (CTH) of activity obtained during an input and the spontaneous control (no input) CTH. For step frequency patterns confined to either the I or E phase, 127 responses in 41 neurons were analyzed. The average step response time was greater than 500 ms. In general the time courses of the control and test-input discharge patterns were linearly related to one another. For I neurons the slopes (beta) of these relationships were linear functions of the vagal step frequency (Fv). Linear relationships were also obtained for 1/TI vs. Fv and 1/beta vs. TI. These results suggest that the vagal control of the discharge patterns of these neurons and phase timing is mediated via a process similar to gain modulation.

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