Improved WSN Life Time Duration through Adaptive Clustering, Duty Cycling and Sink Mobility

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Aliouat ◽  
Zibouda Aliouat
Keyword(s):  
Life Time ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Duty Cycling ◽  
Adaptive Clustering

Mucosal Lesions Related to Toombak Dipping in the Sudanese

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Severe Dysplasia ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Contact Hours ◽  
Mucosal Changes ◽  
The Impact

Background: Mucosal changes related to smokeless tobacco dipping appear to be influenced by many factors; including duration of dipping, frequency of dipping, chemical ingredients of the dipped stuff, in addition to possible genetic and racial factors. In the Sudan the habit of using smokeless tobacco (Toombak) is very common, and it is associated with pathological mucosal changes classified into five distinct clinical presentations: Presentation I; wrinkling with slight discoloration, Presentation II; Café au lait discoloration (Brownish discoloration), Presentation III; smoke-white discoloration, Presentation IV; grizzle discoloration, and Presentation V; cotton-white discoloration. Material and Methods: In this observational prospective study, a survey of oral cancer across 16 different localities was held in the Sudan. A total of 285 Toombak dippers agreed to be examined and of them 161 patients were found to have Toombak dipper-lesions. The clinical presentations of these lesions were identified and recorded into 5 different presentation categories. Furthermore, 64 specimens were cut and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Microscopic diagnosis was obtained using both WHO-5-Point grading classification and the binary system. The history of the time span was matched with the related clinical and microscopic findings. Results: Regarding the 161 cases; the lower vestibule was the preferred dipping site in 75(46.6%) cases. The average Age of Commencement (AoC) was 24.5 years. The average Estimated Contact Hours (ECH) was 22,338 ± 40,824 hours; equal to 2.55 contact years in lifetime. The dominant mucosal clinical presentation was wrinkling with/without slight discolouration; found in 54 cases, and accounting for 33.6% of the sample. Of the 64 specimens, 51 cases showed hyperkeratosis, 11 cases showed mild dysplasia and the remaining three cases showed severe dysplasia; two cases were cotton- white presentations, and one case was a grizzle presentation. Conclusion: Twenty per cent of Toombak dippers-lesions showed dysplastic cells. The grizzle and the cotton- white clinical presentations are associated with high-risk dysplasia. A significant relationship was found between the clinical presentation and the AoC. No significant relationship was found between the clinical presentation and the Impact of Time Duration (TD), in terms of life-time duration of dipping, number of dippings/day, dip-duration and the Estimated Contact Hours (ECH).

Addressing Technology Uncertainties in Battery Energy Storage Sizing Procedures

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Carpinelli ◽  
Fabio Mottola ◽  
Daniela Proto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Battery Energy Storage ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Battery Energy

Abstract This paper analyzes the influence of technology uncertainties on the sizing of battery systems. The sizing is based on the minimization of the costs incurred by the end customer and is performed considering demand response applications in the frame of time of use tariffs. The randomness of i) battery round trip efficiency, ii) life time duration, iii) unit costs related to battery capacity, power conversion system, operation and maintenance and replacement is taken into account in order to identify the most convenient solution from an economic and technical point of view. Based on the load requests of actual industrial and residential loads, numerical applications have been performed. The results provided useful information regarding the influence uncertainties have in the choice of a battery energy storage system.

scholarly journals Degradation of stator insulation of high-voltage asynchronous machines in gamma and neutron radiation field

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Kartalovic ◽  
Bojan Jokanovic ◽  
Milan Bebic ◽  
Djordje Lazarevic
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Asynchronous Motor ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Neutron Radiation ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Asynchronous Machines ◽  
Asynchronous Motors ◽  
Time Exponent

This paper presents the results of an examination of function stability of high-voltage asynchronous motors exposed to ambient strain caused by combined neutron and gamma radiation. This problem appears in practice when a high-voltage asynchronous motor is used in nu- clear power plants where it can be exposed to this type of ambient strain. The failure of the engine's operation under such conditions may have unexpected consequences. As more than 50 % of failure (malfunction) of high-voltage asynchronous motors is caused by damage to stator insulation, the focus of the paper was on testing the effects of combined neutron and gamma radiation on stator insulation. The tests were carried out under well-controlled laboratory conditions on samples taken from both new and used factory coil windings. Two-layer samples were used to record partial discharge threshold voltage and breakdown voltage. By comparing the experimentally obtained results with the applicable mathematical-statistical procedure, an estimate was made of the aging acceleration of stator insulation and the time duration of reliable operation of high-voltage asynchronous motor was determined by life-time exponent.

scholarly journals Antiretroviral Therapy – Changes of Basic Laboratory Parameters in Hiv-Infected Bulgarian Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Nina Stojanova Yancheva
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Severe Toxicity ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Combined Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Laboratory Examinations ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

SummaryHIV-1 infection keeps on being a global problem because of its pandemic character and the impossibility for eradication. The combined antiretroviral therapy (АRТ) remains the only treatment which has proven its effectiveness for maintaining the life of HIV positive patients. Because of long term (life time) duration of this therapy, it is necessary to monitor patients for possible drug toxicity. The aim of our research is to evaluate the changes of basic laboratory examinations while conducting a long-term АRТ. We analyzed basic laboratory studies of 145 HIV-infected Bulgarian patients in the current research. The patients were separated into four groups according to their treatment regimen. They were on dispensary monitoring and were being treated in the Department for Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency in the Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases “Prof. Ivan Kirov” - Sofia. Our results showed that combined ART led to changes in blood count, alanin-aminotransferase (ALT), glucose and total cholesterol. Some of these changes are significant for some of the drugs administered. The current ART does not lead to severe toxicity and life-threatening conditions such as those which were observed in the first few years of ART introduction.

THE INFORMATION MODELING OF THE ENCODING-DECODING PROCESSES AT TRANSFORMATION OF BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 201-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR S. LERNER
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Synthesis Mechanism ◽  
Cognitive Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Information ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
Time Required

Using the Informational Macrodynamics (IMD), the paper focuses on information modeling DNA structure and code, encoding-decoding mechanisms for the transformation and synthesis of information, and the telomerase information functions that these mechanisms generate. As an alternative to experimental DNA discovery, the considered double spiral information structure (DSS) and its coding language implement the IMD analytical model. The transferred pieces of the DSS' information code are synthesized into meaningful units, integrated by an information network. The analysis of the cognitive information processing shows that the information synthesis mechanism includes the preliminary encoding-decoding procedure whose code embodies the total time required for the translation of information as well as characterizing its life-time duration. The paper emphasizes on the systemic nature of these biological mechanisms.

Research on Low Power Routing Protocol for WSNs

2014 ◽  
Vol 610 ◽  
pp. 927-932
Author(s):  
Ahmed Rouaba ◽  
Nouamane Soualmi ◽  
He Zun Wen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Save Energy

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of autonomous sensors nodes; these nodes communicate with each other in dispersed manner to observe the environment. WSNs become one of the most important researches in modern communication systems. The energy source of nodes is limited and practically it is impossible to change or charge the battery. In order to save energy and increases the life time of battery in WSNs. Many energy routing protocols using the clustering were proposed in the literature. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is the most famous routing protocol. In this paper we propose a new algorithm to choose the cluster head which has the highest energy. We shared the network to four regions, between them 90° for each part we find the powerful sensor between the sensors groups, and this last will be the cluster head of this round. Each sensor sends its data to the nearest cluster head and this last will send it to the sink. The same work for five and six clusters heads with sink in the center and in the corner (100, 0) is done.

scholarly journals A Modified LEACH Protocol for Increasing Lifetime of the Wireless Sensor Network

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ananda Kumar ◽  
P. Ilango ◽  
Grover Harsh Dinesh
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Adaptive Clustering

Abstract Many studies have been proposed on clustering protocols for various applications in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The main objective of the clustering algorithm is to minimize the energy consumption, deployment of nodes, latency, and fault tolerance in network. In short high reliability, robustness and scalability can be achieved. Clustering techniques are mainly used to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor network. The first and foremost clustering algorithm for wireless sensor network was Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). As per LEACH, some Cluster Head (CH) may have more nodes, some other may have less nodes, which affects the network performance. The proposed method MaximuM-LEACH provides a solution by load balancing the number of nodes equally by fixing the average value N, so the life time of the network is increased.

scholarly journals Increasing life-time of wireless sensor network using energy-efficient and fault tolerance algorithms

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 1093
Author(s):  
Sama Hussam Sabah ◽  
Muayad Sadik Croock
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Leach Protocol

Energy-efficiency ofwireless sensor networks (WSN) becomes an essential issue in the research area. This is because of the energy constraints in WSN that depend on a battery, which is difficult to replace or recharge; therefore, multiple clustering algorithms were proposed to achieve efficiency in using the available energy as much as possible. This paper proposed energy-efficient and fault-tolerance algorithms that enhance thelow energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol by three algorithms. The first focuses on selecting the best cluster head and the second focuses on minimizing the required nodes within the same cluster. Simultaneously, the third fault tolerance algorithm uses software engineering techniques like sleep schedules to increase network lifetime as much as possible. The testing results of the proposed algorithms prove the claim of enhancing the lifetime of WSN. In order to check improvement of lifetime of WSN we have compered the results of the proposed algorithms with standered algorthim. The results show prove the claim of enhancing the life-time of WSN, where the total lifetime of WSN rise from about 550 rounds to reach 4100 when utilized self-checking process and rised up to 5200 after enhance minimum distans.

scholarly journals Improving the Life Time of the Wireless Sensor Network Using Fuzzy Logic

2019 ◽  
pp. 320-325
Author(s):  
Anjamma Onteru
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Head ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Limited Bandwidth ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Cluster Heads ◽  
Innovative Techniques ◽  
Super Cluster Head

In the past few years, intensive research that addresses the potential of collaboration among sensors in data gathering and processing, and coordination and management of the sensing activity was conducted. Thus, innovative techniques to eliminate energy inefficiencies that shorten the lifetime of the Network and efficient use of the limited bandwidth are highly required. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is the most famous routing protocol which consumes less energy. In LEACH, the Cluster Head is selected based on some random probabilities. These Cluster Heads send the aggregated data to the base station. In the proposed protocol, Cluster Heads are selected in the same procedure followed by the LEACH. But, among the Cluster Heads, we have selected a Super Cluster Head (SCH) based on some fuzzy descriptors such as remaining battery power, centrality of cluster heads and mobility of base station. The Super Cluster Head then sends the data to the base station. The results have been derived from NS-2 simulator and show that the proposed protocol performs better than the LEACH protocol.

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