scholarly journals BFT in Blockchains: From Protocols to Use Cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Sisi Duan ◽  
James Clavin ◽  
Haibin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
System State ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Common System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
The Common ◽  
Security Guarantees ◽  
Trustworthy Service

A blockchain is a distributed system that achieves strong security guarantees in storing, managing, and processing data. All blockchains achieve a common goal: building a decentralized system that provides a trustworthy service in an untrustworthy environment. A blockchain builds a Byzantine fault-tolerant system where decentralized nodes run a protocol to reach an agreement on the common system state. In this article, we focus on the research of BFT protocols. In particular, we categorize BFT protocols according to both the system models and workflow. We seek to answer a few important questions: How has the research in BFT evolved in the past four decades, especially with the rise of blockchains? What are the driven needs for BFT research in the future?

Conceptualizing Historical Legacies

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Historical Legacy ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
East Europe ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
Collapse Of Communism ◽  
Historical Legacies

In the nearly quarter century since the collapse of communism, a great many outcomes in East Europe and the former Soviet Union, from patterns of democratic consolidation to state–society relations, have been attributed to legacies of the past. Yet despite the common goal of understanding the influence of the past, there is little consensus on how to conceptualize historical legacies. Through a focus on post-communist outcomes and their relation to prior outcomes and causal precursors, this article assesses what counts as a historical legacy and how legacies differ from non-legacies.

scholarly journals The Legacy Lives on, a Year Later: Dr. Stan A. Kuczaj A Special Issue –Part 2

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holli C. Eskelinen ◽  
Heather M. Hill ◽  
Rachel T. Walker ◽  
Marie Trone
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
University Of Southern Mississippi ◽  
Scientific Legacy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
The University ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Behavior And Cognition

The scientific community has mourned the loss of Dr. Stan Kuczaj, Professor at The University of Southern Mississippi and Director of the Marine Mammal Behavior and Cognition Laboratory, for the past year. In this time of grieving and reminiscing, his scientific legacy has continued to live on through students, collaborators and trusted colleagues. Stan’s passing has acted in part as a motivator to continue to publish works that he invested time and energy in as a tribute, seeing his visions through to fruition. In addition to publishing droves of literature, his colleagues within the development and comparative fields have bound together for the common goal of advancing the science through new collaborations, merged resources, and tackling innovative topics in comparative studies. This second commemorative special issue is a testament to the vast scope of Stan’s impact on the scientific community, as well as his legacy that each of his students and colleagues continues to cultivate. Ten additional papers round out our initial tribute to Dr. Stan Kuczaj in honor of his lifetime achievements.

scholarly journals Mudharabah Hasil Pertanian Di Tinjau Dari Undang Undang Dan Hukum Islam

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Jannahar Saddam Ash Shidiqie
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Common System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bargaining Position ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law

<p>This research aims to analyze the implementation of profit sharing agreement for paddy field in Gamping Sub-district using Law No. 2 of 1960 and Islamic Law. The conclusion of this study are: The implementation of profit sharing agreement for paddy fields in Gamping Sub-district is not fully in accordance with the Law No. 2 of 1960 and the Islamic law. The agreement of profit sharing in Gamping Sub-district in general is conducted orally, based on trust, and without any witnesses. The balance of profit sharing used in general is "maro" (½ part for sharecroppers and ½ part for owner) with all the production costs borne by the sharecroppers. In the event of crop failure, it becomes the risk borne by the sharecroppers. The crop yields reaching specific nisab or limit in general are not directly paid for the zakat. The obstacles to implement the Law No. 2 of 1960 and the Islamic Law in Gamping Sub-district are because there is no socialization from any parties related to Law No. 2 of 1960 and the Islamic Law in agricultural cooperation, here is hereditary habit, the owners and sharecroppers do not want to use complicated procedure, the owners have been good enough and fair with the common system used, and the sharecroppers accept the habit in force although they feel that it is hard and unfair. The bargaining position between the owner and sharecroppers at Gamping Sub-district is devided into three phases: in the past, the number of sharecroppers was more than the number of owner; currently, the number of sharecroppers is declining; and in the future, the sharecroppers  will be lesser than the number of owner so these will increase  the bargaining position of the sharecroppers (it is the answer to implement Law No.2 of 1960 and Islamic Law<strong>.</strong></p>

Methods in Year 50: Preserving the Past and Preparing for the Future

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Aronsky ◽  
T. Y. Leong ◽  
A. T. McCray ◽  
R. Haux
Keyword(s):  
Medical Informatics ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Editorial Policies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
Online Access ◽  
Aims And Scope ◽  
Online Methods ◽  
Sixth Decade

Summary Background: Founded in 1962 and, therefore, the oldest international journal in medical informatics, Methods of Information in Medicine will publish its 50th volume in 2011. At the start of the journal’s sixth decade, a discussion on the journal’s profile seems appropriate. Objectives: To report on the new opportunities for online access to Methods publications as well as on the recent strategic decisions regarding the journal‘s aims and editorial policies. Methods: Describing and analyzing the journal’s aims and scope. Reflecting on recent publications and on the journal’s development during the last decade. Results: From 2011 forward all articles of Methods from 1962 until the present can be accessed online. Methods of Information in Medicine stresses the basic methodology and scientific fundamentals of processing data, information and knowledge in medicine and health care. Although the journal‘s major focus is on publications in medical informatics, it has never been restricted to publications only in this discipline. For example, articles in medical biometry, in or close to biomedical engineering, and, later, articles in bioinformatics continue to be a part of this journal. Conclusions: There is a continuous and, as it seems, ever growing overlap in the research methodology and application areas of the mentioned disciplines. As there is a continuing and even growing need for such a publication forum, Methods of Information in Medicine will keep its broad scope. As an organizational consequence, the journal’s number of associate editors has increased accordingly.

Beyond Promoter: The Role of Macrophage in Invasion and Progression of Renal Cell Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 588-596
Author(s):  
Haibao Zhang ◽  
Guodong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Tumor Stem Cell ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the common urologic neoplasms, and its incidence has been increasing over the past several decades; however, its pathogenesis is still unknown up to now. Recent studies have found that in addition to tumor cells, other cells in the tumor microenvironment also affect the biological behavior of the tumor. Among them, macrophages exist in a large amount in tumor microenvironment, and they are generally considered to play a key role in promoting tumorigenesis. Therefore, we summarized the recent researches on macrophage in the invasiveness and progression of RCC in latest years, and we also introduced and discussed many studies about macrophage in RCC to promote angiogenesis by changing tumor microenvironment and inhibit immune response in order to activate tumor progression. Moreover, macrophage interactes with various cytokines to promote tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and it also promotes tumor stem cell formation and induces drug resistance in the progression of RCC. The highlight of this review is to make a summary of the roles of macrophage in the invasion and progression of RCC; at the same time to raise some potential and possible targets for future RCC therapy.

Hemorrhoidal Laser procedure (HeLP) and Hemorrrrhoidal Laser procedure + mucopexy (HeLPexx) and other Emerging Technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Giamundo
Keyword(s):  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Dentate Line ◽  
Mucosal Prolapse ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Superior Rectal Artery ◽  
Doppler Probe ◽  
The Common ◽  
Probe Set

Background: Minimally-invasive treatments for hemorrhoids should be encouraged as they cause low morbidity, reasonable discomfort and quicker return to work. According to the “vascular theory” hemorrhoidal disease is mainly caused by blood overflow into hemorrhoidal plexus deriving from the superior hemorrhoidal arteries. Introduction: Many different procedures have been described in the literature with the common goal of reducing the blood flow into the hemorrhoidal piles. ‘HeLP’ (Hemorrhoids Laser Procedure) is a novel form of dearterialization to treat patients suffering from symptomatic hemorrhoids. Methods: The procedure consists of the closure of the terminal branches of the superior rectal artery approximately 2-3 cm above the dentate line by means of laser shots originated by a diode laser platform. The arteries, at that level, have variable location and distribution. Therefore, a doppler probe set at the frequency of 20MHz helps identifying the arteries that would be missed otherwise. The laser beam is well tolerated by patients. For this reason, anesthesia is not required in most cases and the procedure allows a quick return to daily activities. In case of concomitant severe mucosal prolapse, the laser treatment can be combined with suture mucopexy. Three to six running sutures allow a complete lifting of hemorrhoidal piles, securing long-term resolution of symptoms. Results and Conclusions: ‘HeLP’ is indicated in patients with symptomatic hemorrhoids where conservative treatment failed and when mucosal prolapse is scarce or not symptomatic. The addition of mucopexy to laser treatment (HeLPexx) contributes to overall resolution of symptoms when mucosal prolapse is an issue, Emborrhoid is another novel, ‘hi-tech’ form of selective dearterialization used in selected case of hemorrhoids where main symptom is bleeding. It is generally used in cases where surgery is contraindicated due to severe concomitant diseases.

Searching for Political Parties in the Past

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Ignazi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common

Chapter 1 introduces the long and difficult process of the theoretical legitimation of the political party as such. The analysis of the meaning and acceptance of ‘parties’ as tools of expressing contrasting visions moves forward from ancient Greece and Rome where (democratic) politics had first become a matter of speculation and practice, and ends up with the first cautious acceptance of parties by eighteenth-century British thinkers. The chapter explores how parties or factions have been constantly considered tools of division of the ‘common wealth’ and the ‘good society’. The holist and monist vision of a harmonious and compounded society, stigmatized parties and factions as an ultimate danger for the political community. Only when a new way of thinking, that is liberalism, emerged, was room for the acceptance of parties set.

Building Research Teams

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Peach
Keyword(s):  
Common Goal ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Building Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Collective Activity ◽  
Research Administrators ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Century Science

This chapter discusses the process of building research teams. Increasingly over the past three-quarters of a century, science has become a collective activity, with teams of tens, hundreds or even thousands of scientists, engineers and technicians working together on a common goal. Consequently, almost all research involves building, motivating and maintaining a research team. Even a theoretical group is likely to have one or two postdocs, graduate students and visitors, but research teams will, in addition, have engineers and technicians, as well as, possibly, research administrators. The chapter also addresses the importance of creating and maintaining a good team and team spirit, as large projects are assembled from a large number of small teams working on common goals, usually in a loose federated structure with some overall coordination and leadership.

Can Groups Assert That P?

2019 ◽  
pp. 326-344
Author(s):  
Deborah Tollefsen
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Constitutive Rule ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Common ◽  
Declarative Statement ◽  
John Macfarlane

When a group or institution issues a declarative statement, what sort of speech act is this? Is it the assertion of a single individual (perhaps the group’s spokesperson or leader) or the assertion of all or most of the group members? Or is there a sense in which the group itself asserts that p? If assertion is a speech act, then who is the actor in the case of group assertion? These are the questions this chapter aims to address. Whether groups themselves can make assertions or whether a group of individuals can jointly assert that p depends, in part, on what sort of speech act assertion is. The literature on assertion has burgeoned over the past few years, and there is a great deal of debate regarding the nature of assertion. John MacFarlane has helpfully identified four theories of assertion. Following Sandy Goldberg, we can call these the attitudinal account, the constitutive rule account, the common-ground account, and the commitment account. I shall consider what group assertion might look like under each of these accounts and doing so will help us to examine some of the accounts of group assertion (often presented as theories of group testimony) on offer. I shall argue that, of the four accounts, the commitment account can best be extended to make sense of group assertion in all its various forms.

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