From Insects to Frogs, Egg–Juvenile Recruitment Can have Persistent Effects on Population Sizes

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Downes ◽  
Barbara L. Peckarsky ◽  
Jill Lancaster ◽  
William D. Bovill ◽  
Maria Alp
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Existing Data

Understanding what regulates population sizes of organisms with complex life cycles is challenging because limits on population sizes can occur at any stage or transition. We extend a conceptual framework to explore whether numbers of successfully laid eggs determine densities of later stages in insects, fish, amphibians, and snails inhabiting marine, freshwater, or terrestrial habitats. Our review suggests novel hypotheses, which propose characteristics of species or environments that create spatial variation in egg densities and predict when such patterns are maintained throughout subsequent life-cycle stages. Existing data, although limited, suggest that persistent, strong associations between egg and subsequent juvenile densities are likely for species where suitable egg-laying habitat is in short supply. Those associations are weakened in some environments and for some species by density-dependent losses of eggs or hatchlings. Such cross-ecosystem comparisons are fundamental to generality in ecology but demand place-based understandings of species’ biology and natural history. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Autonomy and integration in complex parasite life cycles

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (14) ◽  
pp. 1824-1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL P. BENESH
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Free Living ◽  
New Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Life Cycle Stages

SUMMARYComplex life cycles are common in free-living and parasitic organisms alike. The adaptive decoupling hypothesis postulates that separate life cycle stages have a degree of developmental and genetic autonomy, allowing them to be independently optimized for dissimilar, competing tasks. That is, complex life cycles evolved to facilitate functional specialization. Here, I review the connections between the different stages in parasite life cycles. I first examine evolutionary connections between life stages, such as the genetic coupling of parasite performance in consecutive hosts, the interspecific correlations between traits expressed in different hosts, and the developmental and functional obstacles to stage loss. Then, I evaluate how environmental factors link life stages through carryover effects, where stressful larval conditions impact parasites even after transmission to a new host. There is evidence for both autonomy and integration across stages, so the relevant question becomes how integrated are parasite life cycles and through what mechanisms? By highlighting how genetics, development, selection and the environment can lead to interdependencies among successive life stages, I wish to promote a holistic approach to studying complex life cycle parasites and emphasize that what happens in one stage is potentially highly relevant for later stages.

Looking Back, Looking Forward: Materials Science in Art, Archaeology, and Art Conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine T. Faber ◽  
Francesca Casadio ◽  
Admir Masic ◽  
Luc Robbiola ◽  
Marc Walton
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Art Conservation ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Archaeological Objects

Cultural heritage materials, ranging from archaeological objects and sites to fine arts collections, are often characterized through their life cycle. In this review, the fundamentals and tools of materials science are used to explore such life cycles—first, via the origins of the materials and methods used to produce objects of function and artistry, and in some cases, examples of exceptional durability. The findings provide a window on our cultural heritage. Further, they inspire the design of sustainable materials for future generations. Also explored in this review are alteration phenomena over intervals as long as millennia or as brief as decades. Understanding the chemical processes that give rise to corrosion, passivation, or other degradation in chemical and physical properties can provide the foundation for conservation treatments. Finally, examples of characterization techniques that have been invented or enhanced to afford studies of cultural heritage materials, often nondestructively, are highlighted. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of 13- and 17-Year Periodical Cicadas

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Simon ◽  
John R. Cooley ◽  
Richard Karban ◽  
Teiji Sota
Keyword(s):  
Character Displacement ◽  
Prime Numbers ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Reproductive Character Displacement ◽  
Temporal Isolation ◽  
Periodical Cicadas ◽  
Major Review

Apart from model organisms, 13- and 17-year periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada) are among the most studied insects in evolution and ecology. They are attractive subjects because they predictably emerge in large numbers; have a complex biogeography shaped by both spatial and temporal isolation; and include three largely sympatric, parallel species groups that are, in a sense, evolutionary replicates. Magicicada are also relatively easy to capture and manipulate, and their spectacular, synchronized mass emergences facilitate outreach and citizen science opportunities. Since the last major review, studies of Magicicada have revealed insights into reproductive character displacement and the nature of species boundaries, provided additional examples of allochronic speciation, found evidence for repeated and parallel (but noncontemporaneous) evolution of 13- and 17-year life cycles, quantified the amount and direction of gene flow through time, revealed phylogeographic patterning resulting from paleoclimate change, studied the timing of juvenile development, and created hypotheses for the evolution of life-cycle control and the future effects of climate change on Magicicada life cycles. New ecological studies have supported and questioned the role of prime numbers in Magicicada ecology and evolution, found bidirectional shifts in population size over generations, quantified the contribution of Magicicada to nutrient flow in forest ecosystems, and examined behavioral and biochemical interactions between Magicicada and their fungal parasites and bacterial endosymbionts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 67 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Identification of life cycle stages of the nematode Echinocephalus overstreeti by allozyme electrophoresis

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Andrews ◽  
I. Beveridge ◽  
M. Adams ◽  
P. R. Baverstock
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Allozyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Larval Form ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Allelic Differences ◽  
Mollusc Species ◽  
Shared Alleles

ABSTRACTData presented in this study highlight the potential of allozyme electrophoresis in providing unequivocal genetic evidence for the identification of life cycle stages, particularly where species have complex life cycles. Adults of the nematode Echinocephalus overstreeti parasitize the elasmobranch Heterodontus portusjacksoni. The putative larval form which is morphologically dissimilar is found in two species of marine molluscs, Chlamys bifrons and Pecten albus. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that the adult and larval forms shared alleles at all of the 34 enzyme loci established. Furthermore, there were no fixed allelic differences between larval forms from different mollusc species.

scholarly journals Proteomic Analysis of the Parasitic Cnidarian Ceratonova shasta (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) Reveals Diverse Roles of Actin in Motility and Spore Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Brekhman ◽  
Maya Ofek-Lalzar ◽  
Stephen D. Atkinson ◽  
Gema Alama-Bermejo ◽  
Keren Maor-Landaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mature Spore ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
Spore Formation ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Waterborne Transmission ◽  
Transmission Stage

Myxozoans are widely distributed aquatic obligate endoparasites that were recently recognized as belonging within the phylum Cnidaria. They have complex life cycles with waterborne transmission stages: resistant, infectious spores that are unique to myxozoans. However, little is known about the processes that give rise to these transmission stages. To understand the molecular underpinnings of spore formation, we conducted proteomics on Ceratonova shasta, a highly pathogenic myxozoan that causes severe mortalities in wild and hatchery-reared salmonid fishes. We compared proteomic profiles between developmental stages from inside the fish host, and the mature myxospore, which is released into the water where it drifts passively, ready to infect the next host. We found that C. shasta contains 2,123 proteins; representing the first proteomic catalog of a myxozoan myxospore. Analysis of proteins differentially expressed between developing and mature spore stages uncovered processes that are active during spore formation. Our data highlight dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton, which provides myxozoan developmental stages with mobility through lamellipodia and filopodia, whereas in the mature myxospore the actin network supports F-actin stabilization that reinforces the transmission stage. These findings provide molecular insight into the myxozoan life cycle stages and, particularly, into the process of sporogenesis.

Crustacean Life Cycles—Developmental Strategies and Environmental Adaptations

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Jørgen Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Larval Phase ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Environmental Adaptations ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Different Parts

Crustacea (or Pancrustacea) have explored virtually all possible milieus in different parts of their life cycle, including freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats, and even the air (pterygote insects). Many crustacean taxa display complex life cycles that involve prominent shifts in environment, lifestyle, or both. In this chapter, the overwhelming diversity of crustacean life cycles will be explored by focusing on changes in the life cycles, and on how different phases in a life cycle are adapted to their environment. Shifts in crustacean life cycles may be dramatic such as those seen in numerous decapods and barnacles where the development involves a change from a pelagic larval phase to an adult benthic phase. Also, taxa remaining in the same environment during development, such as holoplanktonic Copepoda, Euphausiacea, and Dendrobranchiata, undergo many profound changes in feeding and swimming strategies. Numerous taxa shift from an early larval naupliar (anterior limbs) feeding/swimming system using only cephalic appendages to a juvenile/adult system relying almost exclusively on more posterior appendages. The chapter focuses mainly on nondecapods and is structured around a number of developmental concepts such as anamorphosis, metamorphosis, and epimorphosis. It is argued that few crustacean taxa can be characterized as entirely anamorphic and none as entirely metamorphic. Many taxa show a combination of the two, even sometimes with two distinct metamorphoses (e.g., in barnacles), or being essentially anamorphic but with several distinct jumps in morphology during development (e.g., Euphausiacea and Dendrobranchiata). Within the Metazoa the Crustacea are practically unrivalled in diversity of lifestyles involving, in many taxa, significant changes in milieu (pelagic versus benthic, marine versus terrestrial) or in feeding mode. Probably such complex life cycles are among the key factors in the evolutionary success of Crustacea.

Host Adaptation and Virulence in Heteroecious Rust Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien Duplessis ◽  
Cecile Lorrain ◽  
Benjamin Petre ◽  
Melania Figueroa ◽  
Peter N. Dodds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Rust Diseases ◽  
Infection Processes

Rust fungi (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) are obligate biotrophic pathogens that cause rust diseases in plants, inflicting severe damage to agricultural crops. Pucciniales possess the most complex life cycles known in fungi. These include an alternation of generations, the development of up to five different sporulating stages, and, for many species, the requirement of infecting two unrelated host plants during different parts of their life cycle, termed heteroecism. These fungi have been extensively studied in the past century through microscopy and inoculation studies, providing precise descriptions of their infection processes, although the molecular mechanisms underlying their unique biology are poorly understood. In this review, we cover recent genomic and life cycle transcriptomic studies in several heteroecious rust species, which provide insights into the genetic tool kits associated with host adaptation and virulence, opening new avenues for unraveling their unique evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Impacts of climate change on the complex life cycles of fish

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Petitgas ◽  
Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp ◽  
Mark Dickey-Collas ◽  
Georg H. Engelhard ◽  
Myron A. Peck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Endogenous Retroviruses Drive Resistance and Promotion of Exogenous Retroviral Homologs

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott S. Chiu ◽  
Sue VandeWoude
Keyword(s):  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Insight Into

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) serve as markers of ancient viral infections and provide invaluable insight into host and viral evolution. ERVs have been exapted to assist in performing basic biological functions, including placentation, immune modulation, and oncogenesis. A subset of ERVs share high nucleotide similarity to circulating horizontally transmitted exogenous retrovirus (XRV) progenitors. In these cases, ERV–XRV interactions have been documented and include ( a) recombination to result in ERV–XRV chimeras, ( b) ERV induction of immune self-tolerance to XRV antigens, ( c) ERV antigen interference with XRV receptor binding, and ( d) interactions resulting in both enhancement and restriction of XRV infections. Whereas the mechanisms governing recombination and immune self-tolerance have been partially determined, enhancement and restriction of XRV infection are virus specific and only partially understood. This review summarizes interactions between six unique ERV–XRV pairs, highlighting important ERV biological functions and potential evolutionary histories in vertebrate hosts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Complex Life Cycles: Why Refrain from Growth before Reproduction in the Adult Niche?

2013 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Benesh ◽  
James C. Chubb ◽  
Geoff A. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycles
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