Cracking Prosody in Articulatory Phonology

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-53
Author(s):  
Dani Byrd ◽  
Jelena Krivokapić
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Linguistic Representation ◽  
Dynamical Approach ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
Activation Dynamics ◽  
Key Aspects

Articulatory Phonology advances an account of phonological structure in which dynamically defined vocal tract tasks—gestures—are simultaneously and isomorphically units of cognitive representation and units of physical action. This paradigm has fundamentally altered our understanding of the linguistic representation of words. This article reviews the relatively recent incorporation of prosody into Articulatory Phonology. A capsule review of the Articulatory Phonology theoretical framework is presented, and the notions of phrasal and prominence organization are introduced as the key aspects of linguistic prosodic structure under consideration. Parameter dynamics, activation dynamics, and prosodic modulation gestures, such as the π-gesture, are outlined. The review is extended to touch on rhythm, intonation, and pauses and to consider innovations for integrating multiple aspects of prosodic structure under this dynamical approach. Finally, a range of questions emerges, crystallizing outstanding issues ranging from the abstract and theoretical to the interactive and functional.

The Prosodization of Weak Function Words in Kurdish Language (Leilakhi Dialect)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Sadegh Mohammadi Bolban Abad ◽  
Batool Alinezhad ◽  
Vali Rezai
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Stress Assignment ◽  
Prosodic Phonology

<p>This paper investigates the prosodic structure of simple prepositions and dependent personal pronouns as weak function words in Leilakhi Dialect with the theoretical framework of Prosodic Phonology or Phonology of Domains. Weak function words (fnc) of this dialect are proclitics or enclitics that form Clitic Group (CG) with their host. One such feature of these elements is their combinatorial restriction with their host, <em>i.e. </em>simple prepositions as prosodic proclitics must precede a noun phrase or independent personal pronoun and absolute prepositions as phonological words join the dependent personal pronouns in the role of enclitics which give form to the clitic group. The phonetic process and phonological process used in this research are aspiration and stress assignment pattern respectively. </p>

scholarly journals Learning to control an articulatory synthesizer by imitating real speech

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Ian S. Howard ◽  
Mark A. Huckvale
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Inverse Model ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Speech Acquisition ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
Random Manner ◽  
Motor Representations ◽  
Initial Results

The goal of our current project is to build a system that can learn to imitate a version of a spoken utterance using an articulatory speech synthesiser. The approach is informed and inspired by knowledge of early infant speech development. Thus we expect our system to reproduce and exploit the utility of infant behaviours such as listening, vocal play, babbling and word imitation. We expect our system to develop a relationship between the sound-making capabilities of its vocal tract and the phonetic/phonological structure of imitated utterances. At the heart of our approach is the learning of an inverse model that relates acoustic and motor representations of speech. The acoustic to auditory mappings uses an auditory filter bank and a self-organizing phase of learning. The inverse model from auditory to vocal tract control parameters is estimated using a babbling phase, in which the vocal tract is essentially driven in a random manner, much like the babbling phase of speech acquisition in infants. The complete system can be used to imitate simple utterances through a direct mapping from sound to control parameters. Our initial results show that this procedure works well for sounds generated by its own voice. Further work is needed to build a phonological control level and achieve better performance with real speech.  

The biopsychosocial model – history, controversy and Engel

2021 ◽  
pp. 103985622110373
Author(s):  
William Lugg
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Biopsychosocial Model ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Psychiatric Training ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Key Aspects

Objective: The biopsychosocial (BPS) model remains the predominant theoretical framework underpinning contemporary psychiatric training and practice. Like all models, it has its limitations and its critics. In light of recent censure, The purpose of this article was to (a) review key aspects of the history, development and contemporary utility of the BPS model and, (b) review key contributions of George Engel. Conclusion: An aetiological model for mental disorders that involves psychological, biological and sociocultural factors has existed since at least the 1940s. The term “biopsychosocial” was arguably first coined by Roy Grinker in 1952. Spurred on by his interest in systems theory, Engel expanded upon the model in 1977 and used it to hypothesise about the integration of mind and body. Despite its shortcomings, the BPS model remains relevant and useful.

Cinematic Time and Animal Worlds

Animal Worlds ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 42-65
Author(s):  
Laura McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Deleuze And Guattari ◽  
Critical Animal Studies ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
Cinematic Time ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Time Image

This chapter develops key aspects of the book’s theoretical framework, moving between philosophies of animal worlds and Deleuze’s account of cinematic time. It draws on the concept of the Umwelt proposed by Uexküll, and the different responses to this concept offered by Heidegger and Deleuze and Guattari. Focusing in particular on Deleuze and Guattari’s reworking of the Umwelt as a process of ‘desubjectified’ assemblages, the chapter links this to Deleuze’s thinking of the time-image as a shift from subject to world, and as a realm that is intricately bound up with questions of differing, becoming and the virtual. While suggesting ways of thinking through links between Deleuze, cinema and the slow animal film, the chapter also turns to recent accounts of the relation between animals and film, by Burt, Pick, Lippit, Sobchack and others. Engaging with yet also moving beyond the recourse to Bazin that has tended to shape the field thus far, it emphasises what Deleuze’s theory of cinematic time can add to this developing body of work, as well as what a more detailed and wide-ranging account of Deleuze and Guattari’s model of animal worlds can contribute to the field of critical animal studies.

Delving In

2020 ◽  
pp. 194-210
Author(s):  
Dov H. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Election Victory ◽  
Election Results ◽  
Key Aspects

Chapter 7 continues the analysis of the effects of partisan electoral interventions by focusing on the local intervened election level—another method frequently utilized in order to estimate the effects of various factors on election results. Accordingly, it examines election surveys from two targets of overt electoral interventions where questions related to key aspects of the meddling were asked: the 1953 West German elections and the 1992 Israeli elections. An analysis of these surveys finds support for one of the main mechanisms specified in the book’s theoretical framework. It also finds evidence that the American interventions in both cases indeed played a key role in the election victory of the assisted side.

scholarly journals Multiple scansions in loanword phonology: evidence from Cantonese

Phonology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Signal ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Phonological Representation ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
Loanword Phonology ◽  
Phonological System

In loanword phonology we seek to uncover the processes by which speakers possessing one phonological system perceive, apply native representational constraints on, and ultimately produce forms which have been generated by a different phonological system. We are interested in how speakers instantiate segmental and prosodic structure on an input which may or may not abide by native rules. Crucial to this assumed strategy is the idea that loanwords do not come equipped with their own phonological representation. For any phonetic string, it is only native speakers for whom a fully articulated phonological structure is present; as we will see, the input to loanword phonology is merely a superficial non-linguistic acoustic signal. Thus as host-language speakers perceive foreign forms in accordance with their indigenous phonological system, they instantiate native phonological representations on the acoustic signal, fitting the superficial input into the native phonological system as closely as possible.

scholarly journals Embedded structure and the evolution of phonology

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-41
Author(s):  
Jason Brown ◽  
Chris Golston
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Reactive System ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Embedded Structures ◽  
Embedded Structure ◽  
System Body

This paper explores a structure ubiquitous in grammar, the embedded tree, and develops a proposal for how such embedded structures played a fundamental role in the evolution of consonants and vowels. Assuming that linguistic capabilities emerged as a cognitive system from a simply reactive system and that such a transition required the construction of an internal mapping of the system body (cf. Cruse 2003), we propose that this mapping was determined through articulation and acoustics. By creating distinctions between articulators in the vocal tract or by acoustic features of sounds, and then embedding these distinctions, the various possible properties of consonants and vowels emerged. These embedded distinctions represent paradigmatic options for the production of sounds, which provide the basic building blocks for prosodic structure. By anchoring these embedded structures in the anatomy and physiology of the vocal tract, the evolution of phonology itself can be explained by extra-linguistic factors.

scholarly journals Accounting for assessments of mental illness in paramedic practice: A new theoretical framework

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Shaban
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Historical Case Study ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Key Aspects

This is the third paper in a series that heralds a study that examines paramedic accounts and constructs of judgment and decision-making (JDM) of mental health and mental illness. This paper will overview an innovative theoretical framework for conducting a discourse-historical case study of paramedic judgment and decision-making of mental health and mental illness using ethnographic and ethnomethodological research methods. The review of the existing research and literature suggests an insufficiency of current theoretical and methodological frameworks to address the research problem and questions of this study. Little examination of judgment in mental illness and health has occurred, which is discussed in an earlier paper.1 Those studies, and the theoretical frameworks used, are insufficient in addressing key aspects of inquiry in judgment and decision-making, particularly in the paramedic ecology. The theoretical framework described here seeks to begin addressing this insufficiency in a new and innovative way.

Articulatory Phonology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Pouplier
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Formidable Challenge ◽  
The Many ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Linguistic Units

One of the most fundamental problems in research on spoken language is to understand how the categorical, systemic knowledge that speakers have in the form of a phonological grammar maps onto the continuous, high-dimensional physical speech act that transmits the linguistic message. The invariant units of phonological analysis have no invariant analogue in the signal—any given phoneme can manifest itself in many possible variants, depending on context, speech rate, utterance position and the like, and the acoustic cues for a given phoneme are spread out over time across multiple linguistic units. Speakers and listeners are highly knowledgeable about the lawfully structured variation in the signal and they skillfully exploit articulatory and acoustic trading relations when speaking and perceiving. For the scientific description of spoken language understanding this association between abstract, discrete categories and continuous speech dynamics remains a formidable challenge. Articulatory Phonology and the associated Task Dynamic model present one particular proposal on how to step up to this challenge using the mathematics of dynamical systems with the central insight being that spoken language is fundamentally based on the production and perception of linguistically defined patterns of motion. In Articulatory Phonology, primitive units of phonological representation are called gestures. Gestures are defined based on linear second order differential equations, giving them inherent spatial and temporal specifications. Gestures control the vocal tract at a macroscopic level, harnessing the many degrees of freedom in the vocal tract into low-dimensional control units. Phonology, in this model, thus directly governs the spatial and temporal orchestration of vocal tract actions.

Selective phonological impairment: a case of apraxia of speech

Phonology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Dogil ◽  
Jörg Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Feature Representation ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
Phonetic Representation

The present study proposes a new interpretation of the underlying distortion in APRAXIA OF SPEECH. Apraxia of speech, in its pure form, is the only neurolinguistic syndrome for which it can be argued that phonological structure is selectively distorted.Apraxia of speech is a nosological entity in its own right which co-occurs with aphasia only occasionally. This…conviction rests on detailed descriptions of patients who have a severe and lasting disorder of speech production in the absence of any significant impairment of speech comprehension, reading or writing as well as of any significant paralysis or weakness of the speech musculature.(Lebrun 1990: 380)Based on the experimental investigation of poorly coarticulated speech of patients from two divergent languages (German and Xhosa) it is argued that apraxia of speech has to be seen as a defective implementation of phonological representations at the phonology–phonetics interface. We contend that phonological structure exhibits neither a homogeneously auditory pattern nor a motor pattern, but a complex encoding of sequences of speech sounds. Specifically, it is maintained that speech is encoded in the brain as a sequence of distinctive feature configurations. These configurations are specified with differing degrees of detail depending on the role the speech segments they underlie play in the phonological structure of a language. The transfer between phonological and phonetic representation encodes speech sounds as a sequence of vocal tract configurations. Like the distinctive feature representation, these configurations may be more or less specified. We argue that the severe and lasting disorders in speech production observed in apraxia of speech are caused by the distortion of this transfer between phonological and phonetic representation. The characteristic production deficits of apraxic patients are explained in terms of overspecification of phonetic representations.

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