Historical Estimates of Surface Marine Temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-311
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Kent ◽  
John J. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Marine Air ◽  
Raw Observations ◽  
Spurious Signals ◽  
Drifting Buoys

Surface temperature documents our changing climate, and the marine record represents one of the longest widely distributed, observation-based estimates. Measurements of near-surface marine air temperature and sea-surface temperature have been recorded on platforms ranging from sailing ships to autonomous drifting buoys. The raw observations show an imprint of differing measurement methods and are sparse in certain periods and regions. This review describes how the real signal of global climate change can be determined from these sparse and noisy observations, including the quantification of measurement method–dependent biases and the reduction of spurious signals. Recent progress has come from analysis of the observations at increasing levels of granularity and from accounting for artifacts in the data that depend on platform types, measurement methods, and environmental conditions. Cutting across these effects are others caused by how the data were recorded, transcribed, and archived. These insights will be integrated into the next generation of global products quantified with validated estimates of uncertainty and the dependencies of its correlation structure. Further analysis of these records using improved data, metadata, and methods will certainly uncover more idiosyncrasies and new ways to improve the record.

scholarly journals A new merge of global surface temperature datasets since the start of the 20th century

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1629-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Yun ◽  
Boyin Huang ◽  
Jiayi Cheng ◽  
Wenhui Xu ◽  
Shaobo Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Global Surface Temperature ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Global Surface

Abstract. Global surface temperature (ST) datasets are the foundation for global climate change research. Several global ST datasets have been developed by different groups in NOAA NCEI, NASA GISS, UK Met Office Hadley Centre & UEA CRU, and Berkeley Earth. In this study, a new global ST dataset named China Merged Surface Temperature (CMST) was presented. CMST is created by merging the China-Land Surface Air Temperature (C-LSAT1.3) with sea surface temperature (SST) data from the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 5 (ERSSTv5). The merge of C-LSAT and ERSSTv5 shows a high spatial coverage extended to the high latitudes and is more consistent with a reference of multi-dataset averages in the polar regions. Comparisons indicated that CMST is consistent with other existing global ST datasets in interannual and decadal variations and long-term trends at global, hemispheric, and regional scales from 1900 to 2017. The CMST dataset can be used for global climate change assessment, monitoring, and detection. The CMST dataset presented here is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.901295 (Li, 2019a) and has been published on the Climate Explorer website of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) at http://climexp.knmi.nl/select.cgi?id=someone@somewhere&field=cmst (last access: 11 August 2018; Li, 2019b, c).

scholarly journals A new merge of global surface temperature datasets since the start of the 20th Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Yun ◽  
Boyin Huang ◽  
Jiayi Cheng ◽  
Wenhui Xu ◽  
Shaobo Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Global Surface Temperature ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Global Surface

Abstract. Global surface temperature (ST) datasets are the foundation for global climate change research. There are several global ST datasets developed by different groups in NOAA/NCEI，NASA/GISS and UKMO Hadley Centre & UEA/CRU. This study presents a new global ST dataset, the China Merged Surface Temperature (CMST) dataset. CMST is created by merging the China-Land Surface Air Temperature (C-LSAT1.3) with the sea surface temperature (SST) data from the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 5 (ERSSTv5). The merge of C-LSAT and ERSSTv5 shows a high spatial coverage extended to the high latitudes and is more consistent with a reference of multi-datasets average in Polar Regions. Comparisons indicate that CMST is consistent with other existing global ST datasets in interannual-decadal variations and long-term trends at global, hemispheric, and regional scales from 1900 to 2017. Therefore CMST dataset can be used for global climate change assessment, monitoring, and detection. CMST dataset presented in this article is publicly available at: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.901295 (Yun et al., 2019) and has been published on the Climate Explorer website of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) at: http://climexp.knmi.nl/select.cgi?id=someone@somewhere&field=cmst.

scholarly journals A Process-Oriented Approach to Identify Evolutions of Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies with a Time-Series of a Raster Dataset

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Lianwei Li ◽  
Yangfeng Xu ◽  
Cunjin Xue ◽  
Yuxuan Fu ◽  
Yuanyu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Temperature Anomalies ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

It is important to consider where, when, and how the evolution of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) plays significant roles in regional or global climate changes. In the comparison of where and when, there is a great challenge in clearly describing how SSTA evolves in space and time. In light of the evolution from generation, through development, and to the dissipation of SSTA, this paper proposes a novel approach to identifying an evolution of SSTA in space and time from a time-series of a raster dataset. This method, called PoAIES, includes three key steps. Firstly, a cluster-based method is enhanced to explore spatiotemporal clusters of SSTA, and each cluster of SSTA at a time snapshot is taken as a snapshot object of SSTA. Secondly, the spatiotemporal topologies of snapshot objects of SSTA at successive time snapshots are used to link snapshot objects of SSTA into an evolution object of SSTA, which is called a process object. Here, a linking threshold is automatically determined according to the overlapped areas of the snapshot objects, and only those snapshot objects that meet the specified linking threshold are linked together into a process object. Thirdly, we use a graph-based model to represent a process object of SSTA. A node represents a snapshot object of SSTA, and an edge represents an evolution between two snapshot objects. Using a number of child nodes from an edge’s parent node and a number of parent nodes from the edge’s child node, a type of edge (an evolution relationship) is identified, which shows its development, splitting, merging, or splitting/merging. Finally, an experiment on a simulated dataset is used to demonstrate the effectiveness and the advantages of PoAIES, and a real dataset of satellite-SSTA is used to verify the rationality of PoAIES with the help of ENSO’s relevant knowledge, which may provide new references for global change research.

Idealized large-eddy simulations of stratocumulus advecting over cold water. Part 1: Boundary layer decoupling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youtong Zheng ◽  
Haipeng Zhang ◽  
Daniel Rosenfeld ◽  
Seoung-Soo Lee ◽  
Tianning Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Entrainment Rate ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Large Eddy

AbstractWe explore the decoupling physics of a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer (STBL) moving over cooler water, a situation mimicking the warm air advection (WADV). We simulate an initially well-mixed STBL over a doubly periodic domain with the sea surface temperature decreasing linearly over time using the System for Atmospheric Modeling large-eddy model. Due to the surface cooling, the STBL becomes increasingly stably stratified, manifested as a near-surface temperature inversion topped by a well-mixed cloud-containing layer. Unlike the stably stratified STBL in cold air advection (CADV) that is characterized by cumulus coupling, the stratocumulus deck in the WADV is unambiguously decoupled from the sea surface, manifested as weakly negative buoyancy flux throughout the sub-cloud layer. Without the influxes of buoyancy from the surface, the convective circulation in the well-mixed cloud-containing layer is driven by cloud-top radiative cooling. In such a regime, the downdrafts propel the circulation, in contrast to that in CADV regime for which the cumulus updrafts play a more determinant role. Such a contrast in convection regime explains the difference in many aspects of the STBLs including the entrainment rate, cloud homogeneity, vertical exchanges of heat and moisture, and lifetime of the stratocumulus deck, with the last being subject to a more thorough investigation in part 2. Finally, we investigate under what conditions a secondary stratus near the surface (or fog) can form in the WADV. We found that weaker subsidence favors the formation of fog whereas a more rapid surface cooling rate doesn’t.

Evaluation of Land Surface Temperature Retrieved from MODIS Data

2013 ◽  
Vol 785-786 ◽  
pp. 1333-1336
Author(s):  
Xiao Feng Yang ◽  
Xing Ping Wen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Brightness Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Profile Line ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Temperature Retrieval

Land surface temperature (LST) is important factor in global climate change studies, radiation budgets estimating, city heat and others. In this paper, land surface temperature of Guangzhou metropolis was retrieved from two MODIS imageries obtained at night and during the day respectively. Firstly, pixel values were calibrated to spectral radiances according to parameters from header files. Then, the brightness temperature was calculated using Planck function. Finally, The brightness temperature retrieval maps were projected and output. Comparing two brightness temperature retrieval maps, it is concluded that the brightness temperature retrieval are more accurate at night than during the day. Comparing the profile line of brightness temperature from north to south, the brightness temperature increases from north to south. Temperature different from north to south is larger at night than during the day. The average temperature nears 18°C at night and the average temperature nears 26°C during the day, which is consistent with the surface temperature observed by automatic weather stations.

scholarly journals Co-occurrence of extreme ozone and heat waves in two cities from Morocco

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenza KHOMSI 1,2 ◽  
Houda NAJMI 2 ◽  
Zineb SOUHAILI 1
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Meteorological Factor ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Change Context

Temperature is the first meteorological factor to be directly involved in leading ozone (O3) extreme events. Generally, upward temperatures increase the probability of having exceedance in ozone adopted thresholds. In the global climate change context more frequent and/or persistent heat waves and extreme ozone (O3) episodes are likely to occur during in coming decades and a key question is about the coincidence and co-occurrence of these extremes. In this paper, using 7 years of surface temperature and air quality observations over two cities from Morocco (Casablanca and Marrakech) and implementing a percentile thresholding approach, we show that the extremes in temperature and ozone (O3) cluster together in many cases and that the outbreak of ozone events generally match the first or second days of heat waves. This co-occurrence of extreme episodes is highly impacted by humidity and may be overlapping large-scale episodes.

scholarly journals The PRISM4 (mid-Piacenzian) paleoenvironmental reconstruction

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1519-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Dowsett ◽  
Aisling Dolan ◽  
David Rowley ◽  
Robert Moucha ◽  
Alessandro M. Forte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction ◽  
Dynamic Topography ◽  
Intercomparison Project

Abstract. The mid-Piacenzian is known as a period of relative warmth when compared to the present day. A comprehensive understanding of conditions during the Piacenzian serves as both a conceptual model and a source for boundary conditions as well as means of verification of global climate model experiments. In this paper we present the PRISM4 reconstruction, a paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the mid-Piacenzian ( ∼  3 Ma) containing data for paleogeography, land and sea ice, sea-surface temperature, vegetation, soils, and lakes. Our retrodicted paleogeography takes into account glacial isostatic adjustments and changes in dynamic topography. Soils and lakes, both significant as land surface features, are introduced to the PRISM reconstruction for the first time. Sea-surface temperature and vegetation reconstructions are unchanged but now have confidence assessments. The PRISM4 reconstruction is being used as boundary condition data for the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2) experiments.

scholarly journals The impact of Climate Change on the Western Pacific Subtropical High and the related ozone pollution in Shanghai, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luyu Chang ◽  
Jianming Xu ◽  
Xuexi Tie ◽  
Wei Gao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
High Solar Radiation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSevere ozone (O3) episodes occur frequently in Shanghai during late-summers. We define geopotential height averaged over the key area region (122.5°E-135°E, 27.5°N -35°N) at 500 hPa as a WPSH_SHO3 index which has high positive correlation with surface O3 concentration in Shanghai. In addition, the index has a significant long-term increasing trend during the recent 60 years. Analysis shows the meteorological conditions under the strong WPSH_SHO3 climate background (compared to the weak background) have several important anomalies: (1) A strong WPSH center occurs over the key area region. (2) The cloud cover is less, resulting in high solar radiation and low humidity, enhancing the photochemical reactions of O3. (3) The near-surface southwesterly winds are more frequent, enhancing the transport of upwind pollutants and O3 precursors from polluted regions to Shanghai and producing higher O3 chemical productions. This study suggests that the global climate change could lead to a stronger WPSH in the key region, enhancing ozone pollution in Shanghai. A global chemical/transport model (MOZART-4) is applied to show that the O3 concentrations can be 30 ppbv higher under a strong WPSH_SHO3 condition than a weak condition, indicating the important effect of the global climate change on local air pollution in Shanghai.

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