scholarly journals Postprocessing of MCMC

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah F. South ◽  
Marina Riabiz ◽  
Onur Teymur ◽  
Chris J. Oates
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Control Variate ◽  
Convergence Diagnostics ◽  
Bias Variance ◽  
Review State ◽  
Quantities Of Interest

Markov chain Monte Carlo is the engine of modern Bayesian statistics, being used to approximate the posterior and derived quantities of interest. Despite this, the issue of how the output from a Markov chain is postprocessed and reported is often overlooked. Convergence diagnostics can be used to control bias via burn-in removal, but these do not account for (common) situations where a limited computational budget engenders a bias-variance trade-off. The aim of this article is to review state-of-the-art techniques for postprocessing Markov chain output. Our review covers methods based on discrepancy minimization, which directly address the bias-variance trade-off, as well as general-purpose control variate methods for approximating expected quantities of interest. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application, Volume 9 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

What Are the Health Consequences of Upward Mobility?

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Chen ◽  
Gene H. Brody ◽  
Gregory E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Adaptive Strategies ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Set Up

Health disparities by socioeconomic status (SES) have been extensively documented, but less is known about the physical health implications of achieving upward mobility. This article critically reviews the evolving literature in this area, concluding that upward mobility is associated with a trade-off, whereby economic success and positive mental health in adulthood can come at the expense of physical health, a pattern termed skin-deep resilience. We consider explanations for this phenomenon, including prolonged high striving, competing demands between the environments upwardly mobile individuals seek to enter and their environments of origin, cultural mismatches between adaptive strategies from their childhood environments and those that are valued in higher-SES environments, and the sense of alienation, lack of belonging, and discrimination that upwardly mobile individuals face as they move into spaces set up by and for high-SES groups. These stressors are hypothesized to lead to unhealthy behaviors and a dysregulation of biological systems, with implications for cardiometabolic health. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Markov Chain–Based Stochastic Strategies for Robotic Surveillance

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Duan ◽  
Francesco Bullo
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Markov Chains ◽  
Mobile Robots ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Hitting Times ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Motion Models

This article surveys recent advancements in strategy designs for persistent robotic surveillance tasks, with a focus on stochastic approaches. The problem describes how mobile robots stochastically patrol a graph in an efficient way, where the efficiency is defined with respect to relevant underlying performance metrics. We start by reviewing the basics of Markov chains, which are the primary motion models for stochastic robotic surveillance. We then discuss the two main criteria regarding the speed and unpredictability of surveillance strategies. The central objects that appear throughout the treatment are the hitting times of Markov chains, their distributions, and their expectations. We formulate various optimization problems based on the relevant metrics in different scenarios and establish their respective properties. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, Volume 4 is May 3, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Who Enters Politics and Why?

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad Gulzar
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Institutional Determinants ◽  
Future Work

Despite the importance of politicians, empirical work rarely examines who decides to enter politics and why. This survey presents conceptual issues in measuring political entry; reviews work on individual, organizational, and institutional determinants of political entry; and summarizes the main findings and puzzles related to the representation/competence trade-off in recent microcensus studies on who runs for office. Fruitful directions for future work are highlighted throughout the article. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 24 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Galin L. Jones ◽  
Qian Qin
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Markov Chain ◽  
Markov Chain Monte Carlo ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mcmc Simulation ◽  
Essential Set

Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is an essential set of tools for estimating features of probability distributions commonly encountered in modern applications. For MCMC simulation to produce reliable outcomes, it needs to generate observations representative of the target distribution, and it must be long enough so that the errors of Monte Carlo estimates are small. We review methods for assessing the reliability of the simulation effort, with an emphasis on those most useful in practically relevant settings. Both strengths and weaknesses of these methods are discussed. The methods are illustrated in several examples and in a detailed case study. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Statistics, Volume 9 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Crystal Structure Prediction Methods for Organic Molecules: State of the Art

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Bowskill ◽  
Isaac J. Sugden ◽  
Stefanos Konstantinopoulos ◽  
Claire S. Adjiman ◽  
Constantinos C. Pantelides
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Structure Prediction ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Crystal Structure Prediction ◽  
Stage Of Development

The prediction of the crystal structures that a given organic molecule is likely to form is an important theoretical problem of significant interest for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, among others. As evidenced by a series of six blind tests organized over the past 2 decades, methodologies for crystal structure prediction (CSP) have witnessed substantial progress and have now reached a stage of development where they can begin to be applied to systems of practical significance. This article reviews the state of the art in general-purpose methodologies for CSP, placing them within a common framework that highlights both their similarities and their differences. The review discusses specific areas that constitute the main focus of current research efforts toward improving the reliability and widening applicability of these methodologies, and offers some perspectives for the evolution of this technology over the next decade. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 12 is June 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Semantic Structure in Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellie Pavlick
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Level Performance

Deep learning has recently come to dominate computational linguistics, leading to claims of human-level performance in a range of language processing tasks. Like much previous computational work, deep learning–based linguistic representations adhere to the distributional meaning-in-use hypothesis, deriving semantic representations from word co-occurrence statistics. However, current deep learning methods entail fundamentally new models of lexical and compositional meaning that are ripe for theoretical analysis. Whereas traditional distributional semantics models take a bottom-up approach in which sentence meaning is characterized by explicit composition functions applied to word meanings, new approaches take a top-down approach in which sentence representations are treated as primary and representations of words and syntax are viewed as emergent. This article summarizes our current understanding of how well such representations capture lexical semantics, world knowledge, and composition. The goal is to foster increased collaboration on testing the implications of such representations as general-purpose models of semantics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 8 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Endogenous Retroviruses Drive Resistance and Promotion of Exogenous Retroviral Homologs

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott S. Chiu ◽  
Sue VandeWoude
Keyword(s):  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Insight Into

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) serve as markers of ancient viral infections and provide invaluable insight into host and viral evolution. ERVs have been exapted to assist in performing basic biological functions, including placentation, immune modulation, and oncogenesis. A subset of ERVs share high nucleotide similarity to circulating horizontally transmitted exogenous retrovirus (XRV) progenitors. In these cases, ERV–XRV interactions have been documented and include ( a) recombination to result in ERV–XRV chimeras, ( b) ERV induction of immune self-tolerance to XRV antigens, ( c) ERV antigen interference with XRV receptor binding, and ( d) interactions resulting in both enhancement and restriction of XRV infections. Whereas the mechanisms governing recombination and immune self-tolerance have been partially determined, enhancement and restriction of XRV infection are virus specific and only partially understood. This review summarizes interactions between six unique ERV–XRV pairs, highlighting important ERV biological functions and potential evolutionary histories in vertebrate hosts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Advancing Socioeconomic Rights Through Interdisciplinary Factfinding: Opportunities and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Knuckey ◽  
Joshua D. Fisher ◽  
Amanda M. Klasing ◽  
Tess Russo ◽  
Margaret L. Satterthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Socioeconomic Rights ◽  
Human Rights Movement

The human rights movement is increasingly using interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, mixed-methods, and quantitative factfinding. There has been too little analysis of these shifts. This article examines some of the opportunities and challenges of these methods, focusing on the investigation of socioeconomic human rights. By potentially expanding the amount and types of evidence available, factfinding's accuracy and persuasiveness can be strengthened, bolstering rights claims. However, such methods can also present significant challenges and may pose risks in individual cases and to the human rights movement generally. Interdisciplinary methods can be costly in human, financial, and technical resources; are sometimes challenging to implement; may divert limited resources from other work; can reify inequalities; may produce “expertise” that disempowers rightsholders; and could raise investigation standards to an infeasible or counterproductive level. This article includes lessons learned and questions to guide researchers and human rights advocates considering mixed-methods human rights factfinding. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Law and Social Science, Volume 17 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Conversation and Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeon Floyd
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Speech Communities

Conversation analysis is a method for the systematic study of interaction in terms of a sequential turn-taking system. Research in conversation analysis has traditionally focused on speakers of English, and it is still unclear to what extent the system observed in that research applies to conversation more generally around the world. However, as this method is now being applied to conversation in a broader range of languages, it is increasingly possible to address questions about the nature of interactional diversity across different speech communities. The approach of pragmatic typology first applies sequential analysis to conversation from different speech communities and then compares interactional patterns in ways analogous to how traditional linguistic typology compares morphosyntax. This article discusses contemporary literature in pragmatic typology, including single-language studies and multilanguage comparisons reflecting both qualitative and quantitative methods. This research finds that microanalysis of face-to-face interaction can identify both universal trends and culture-specific interactional tendencies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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