Initial Step of Virus Entry: Virion Binding to Cell-Surface Glycans

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Koehler ◽  
Martin Delguste ◽  
Christian Sieben ◽  
Laurent Gillet ◽  
David Alsteens
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Cell Surface Receptors ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Glycan Receptors ◽  
Cell Surface Glycans

Virus infection is an intricate process that requires the concerted action of both viral and host cell components. Entry of viruses into cells is initiated by interactions between viral proteins and cell-surface receptors. Various cell-surface glycans function as initial, usually low-affinity attachment factors, providing a first anchor of the virus to the cell surface, and further facilitate high-affinity binding to virus-specific cell-surface receptors, while other glycans function as specific entry receptors themselves. It is now possible to rapidly identify specific glycan receptors using different techniques, define atomic-level structures of virus-glycan complexes, and study these interactions at the single-virion level. This review provides a detailed overview of the role of glycans in viral infection and highlights experimental approaches to study virus-glycan binding along with specific examples. In particular, we highlight the development of the atomic force microscope to investigate interactions with glycans at the single-virion level directly on living mammalian cells, which offers new perspectives to better understand virus-glycan interactions in physiologically relevant conditions.

Quantitation of alpha-factor internalization and response during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 5251-5258
Author(s):  
B Zanolari ◽  
H Riezman
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cell Surface Receptors ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
A Cells ◽  
Alpha Factor ◽  
Inducible Genes

The alpha-factor pheromone binds to specific cell surface receptors on Saccharomyces cerevisiae a cells. The pheromone is then internalized, and cell surface receptors are down-regulated. At the same time, a signal is transmitted that causes changes in gene expression and cell cycle arrest. We show that the ability of cells to internalize alpha-factor is constant throughout the cell cycle, a cells are also able to respond to pheromone throughout the cycle even though there is cell cycle modulation of the expression of two pheromone-inducible genes, FUS1 and STE2. Both of these genes are expressed less efficiently near or just after the START point of the cell cycle in response to alpha-factor. For STE2, the basal level of expression is modulated in the same manner.

Signalling through Class I PI3Ks in mammalian cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.T. Hawkins ◽  
K.E. Anderson ◽  
K. Davidson ◽  
L.R. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Small Gtpases ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Class I ◽  
Cell Surface Receptors ◽  
Activity Class ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Pi3k Signalling

It is now accepted that activation of Class I PI3Ks (phosphoinositide 3-kinases) is one of the most important signal transduction pathways used by cell-surface receptors to control intracellular events. The receptors which access this pathway include those that recognize growth factors, hormones, antigens and inflammatory stimuli, and the cellular events known to be regulated include cell growth, survival, proliferation and movement. We have learnt a great deal about the family of Class I PI3K enzymes themselves and the structural adaptations which allow a variety of cell-surface receptors to regulate their activity. Class I PI3Ks synthesize the phospholipid PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in the membranes in which they are activated, and it is now accepted that PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and its dephosphorylation product PtdIns(3,4)P2 are messenger molecules which regulate the localization and function of multiple effectors by binding to their specific PH (pleckstrin homology) domains. The number of direct PtdIns(3,4,5)P3/PtdIns(3,4)P2 effectors which exist, even within a single cell, creates an extremely complex signalling web downstream of PI3K activation. Some key players are beginning to emerge, however, linking PI3K activity to specific cellular responses. These include small GTPases for the Rho and Arf families which regulate the cytoskeletal and membrane rearrangements required for cell movement, and PKB (protein kinase B), which has important regulatory inputs into the regulation of cell-cycle progression and survival. The importance of the PI3K signalling pathway in regulating the balance of decisions in cell growth, proliferation and survival is clear from the prevalence of oncogenes (e.g. PI3Kα) and tumour suppressors [e.g. the PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 3-phosphatase, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10)] found in this pathway. The recent availability of transgenic mouse models with engineered defects in Class I PI3K signalling pathways, and the development of PI3K isoform-selective inhibitors by both academic and pharmaceutical research has highlighted the importance of specific isoforms of PI3K in whole-animal physiology and pathology, e.g. PI3Kα in growth and metabolic regulation, PI3Kβ in thrombosis, and PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ in inflammation and asthma. Thus the Class I PI3K signalling pathway is emerging as an exciting new area for the development of novel therapeutics.

scholarly journals Studies on the role of specific cell surface receptors in the removal of lipoprotein (a) in man.

1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1431-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Krempler ◽  
G M Kostner ◽  
A Roscher ◽  
F Haslauer ◽  
K Bolzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cell Surface Receptors ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Lipoprotein A ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Specific Cell Surface

scholarly journals Negative Control of Cell Proliferation. Growth Arrest versus Apoptosis. Role of βGBP

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livio Mallucci ◽  
Valerie Wells
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Cell Surface Receptors ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Growth Inhibitory ◽  
Cytostatic Factor ◽  
Apoptotic Pathways

βGBP is a novel physiological negative growth regulator of the cell and a cytostatic factor.It is secreted by cells, and bybinding with high affinity to specific cell surface receptors. In normal cell surface receptors. In normal cells, βGBP physiologically controls transition from G0to G1and passage from late S phase to G2by modulating signalling cascades activated by tyrosine Kinase receptors and by affecting transcription events.As a cytostatic Factor βGBP has a marked growth inhibitory effect on a variety of tumours including leukaemias where growth arrest is followed by the activation of apoptotic pathways and cell death.

scholarly journals Adeno-Associated Virus Capsids Displaying Immunoglobulin-Binding Domains Permit Antibody-Mediated Vector Retargeting to Specific Cell Surface Receptors

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 4559-4566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin U. Ried ◽  
Anne Girod ◽  
Kristin Leike ◽  
Hildegard Büning ◽  
Michael Hallek
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Cell Surface Receptors ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Vector Targeting ◽  
Immunoglobulin Binding ◽  
Specific Cell Surface

ABSTRACT Recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 (rAAV2) is a promising vector for human somatic gene therapy. However, its broad host range is a disadvantage for some applications, because it reduces the specificity of the gene transfer. To overcome this limitation, we sought to create a versatile rAAV vector targeting system which would allow us to redirect rAAV binding to specific cell surface receptors by simple coupling of different ligands to its capsid. For this purpose, an immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding domain of protein A, Z34C, was inserted into the AAV2 capsid at amino acid position 587. The resulting AAV2-Z34C mutants could be packaged and purified to high titers and bound to IgG molecules. rAAV2-Z34C vectors coupled to antibodies against CD29 (β1-integrin), CD117 (c-kit receptor), and CXCR4 specifically transduced distinct human hematopoietic cell lines. In marked contrast, no transduction was seen in the absence of antibodies or in the presence of specific blocking reagents. These results demonstrate for the first time that an immunoglobulin binding domain can be inserted into the AAV2 capsid and coupled to various antibodies, which mediate the retargeting of rAAV vectors to specific cell surface receptors.

scholarly journals Quantitation of alpha-factor internalization and response during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle.

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 5251-5258 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Zanolari ◽  
H Riezman
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cell Surface Receptors ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
A Cells ◽  
Alpha Factor ◽  
Inducible Genes

The alpha-factor pheromone binds to specific cell surface receptors on Saccharomyces cerevisiae a cells. The pheromone is then internalized, and cell surface receptors are down-regulated. At the same time, a signal is transmitted that causes changes in gene expression and cell cycle arrest. We show that the ability of cells to internalize alpha-factor is constant throughout the cell cycle, a cells are also able to respond to pheromone throughout the cycle even though there is cell cycle modulation of the expression of two pheromone-inducible genes, FUS1 and STE2. Both of these genes are expressed less efficiently near or just after the START point of the cell cycle in response to alpha-factor. For STE2, the basal level of expression is modulated in the same manner.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document