Flipped classrooms and student learning: not just surface gains

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah McLean ◽  
Stefanie M. Attardi ◽  
Lisa Faden ◽  
Mark Goldszmidt
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Approaches To Learning ◽  
Independent Learning ◽  
Undergraduate Teaching ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Class Time

The flipped classroom is a relatively new approach to undergraduate teaching in science. This approach repurposes class time to focus on application and discussion; the acquisition of basic concepts and principles is done on the students' own time before class. While current flipped classroom research has focused on student preferences and comparative learning outcomes, there remains a lack of understanding regarding its impact on students' approaches to learning. Focusing on a new flipped classroom-based course for basic medical sciences students, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate students' adjustments to the flipped classroom, their time on task compared with traditional lectures, and their deep and active learning strategies. Students in this course worked through interactive online learning modules before in-class sessions. Class time focused on knowledge application of online learning module content through active learning methods. Students completed surveys and optional prequiz questions throughout the term to provide data regarding their learning approaches. Our results showed that the majority of students completed their prework in one sitting just before class. Students reported performing less multitasking behavior in the flipped classroom compared with lecture-based courses. Students valued opportunities for peer-peer and peer-instructor interactions and also valued having multiple modes of assessment. Overall, this work suggests that there is the potential for greater educational gains from the flipped classroom than the modest improvements in grades previously demonstrated in the literature; in this implementation of the flipped classroom, students reported that they developed independent learning strategies, spent more time on task, and engaged in deep and active learning.

Mixed Approaches to Learning in the Flipped Classroom: How Students Approach the Learning Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margrét Sigrún Sigurðardóttir ◽  
Thamar Melanie Heijstra
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Approaches To Learning ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Surface Approach

Flipped teaching is a trend within higher education. Through flipped teaching the learning environment can be altered by moving the lecture out of the classroom through online recordings, while in-classroom sessions focus on active learning and engaging students in their own learning process. In this paper, we used focus groups comprised of male students in a qualitative research course with the aim of understanding the ways in which we might improve active student engagement and motivation within the flipped classroom. The findings indicated that, within the flipped classroom, students mix surface and deep-learning approaches. The online recordings, which students interact with through a surface approach, can function as a stepping stone toward a deep-learning approach to in-class activities, but only if students come to class prepared. The findings therefore suggest that students must be made aware of the importance of preparation prior to flipped classroom in-class activities to ensure the active learning process is successful. By not listening to the recordings (e.g., due to technological failure, as was the case in this study), students can result in only employing a surface approach.

scholarly journals The Challenges and Dynamics of Flipped Learning Totally Online: The Case of Training Research Postgraduates to Be University Instructors

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. p36
Author(s):  
Tiffany Ko ◽  
Lisa Y. N. Law ◽  
Theresa Kwong ◽  
Eva Y. W. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Flipped Learning ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Traditional Lectures ◽  
The Face

“Flipped classroom” is one of the popular blended learning approaches in Higher Education (HE) with significant use of technology. A “flipped” course typically engages students to do pre-class online learning at their own pace; the teachers then design active learning activities to reinforce students’ online learning in a physical classroom setting. Although literatures suggest that active learning after self-directed online learning can take place not only in traditional lectures hall but also online learning spaces, there is a lack of studies that investigate how the “relocation” of the face-to-face component online would affect students’ learning. As the COVID-19 pandemic has suspended face-to-face teaching on HE campuses worldwide, this article seizes the opportunity to examine the difficulties and possibilities of conducting flipped learning totally online. By evaluating the delivery of a flipped course for 46 research postgraduate students in Hong Kong during the pandemic-stricken period, the teaching team of the captioned course summarizes how the paradigm shift of flipped learning from partially online to totally online simultaneously distort and create new dynamics of in-class interaction and collaboration. Recommendations on how to better implement and research “flipped learning totally online” as a pedagogy across multiple disciplines will also be highlighted.

scholarly journals Fostering Self and Peer Learning Inside and Outside the Classroom through the Flipped Classroom Approach for Postgraduate Students

10.28945/4212 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Peer Interactions ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Face To Face Learning

[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2019 issue of the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, Volume 16] Aim/Purpose: The flipped classroom approach is one of the most popular active learning approaches. This paper explores the effectiveness of a new pedagogy, known as FOCUSED, for postgraduate students. Background: The flipped classroom approach is a trendy blended learning pedagogy which capitalizes on the flexibility of online learning and the stimulating nature of face-to-face discussion. This article describes a pilot study involving post-graduate students who experienced the flipped classroom approach in one of their courses. Methodology: In additional to online activities, students adopted a newly learned approach to solve a related problem that was given by another group of students during classes. Quantitative data were collected from pre- and post-tests for both self-learned online materials and group discussion during classes so that the effectiveness of the flipped classroom pedagogy could be examined from the perspective of a holistic learning experience. Findings: It was found that the average scores for the post-test for the self-learned online video were much higher than for pre-test, even though the post-tests for both online and face-to-face learning were higher than the respective pre-tests. The qualitative data collected at the end of the flipped classroom activities further confirmed the value of the flipped classroom approach. Even though students could self-learn, more students valued peer interactions in the classroom more than the flexibility of online learning.

scholarly journals Learning and Engagement in the Flipped Classroom of Analytical Mathematics

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-111
Author(s):  
Anastasia Sofroniou
Keyword(s):  
Student Engagement ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Mathematical Thinking ◽  
Further Education ◽  
Teaching Methodology ◽  
Mathematical Education ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Learning Techniques

Learning techniques have changed over time in order to try and improve student engagement across different subjects in higher education. Mathematics has dominantly adhered to certain learning methods that use a more conventional approach. Interactive and active learning in Mathematics tend to be more common in further education yet, university level Mathematics is more complex, heavy in content and poses more difficulty in applying active learning approaches as a passive approach of traditional lectures has always been applied. The issues of learning problems in mathematics is ignored and the lack of metacognitive awareness of mathematical thinking and problem-solving skills seem to persist despite differences amongst educators on an effective learning methodology. Following the reform movement in mathematics education in the mid 1980’s, resulting from the dissatisfaction of conventional approaches, recommending the restructuring of mathematical delivery marked the need for modifications in teaching methodology. Employing multiple models to deliver lessons may implement the changes needed to drive student engagement and satisfaction to improve the experience in learning mathematics. In order for these methods to become applicable and effective in students’ experiences in mathematical education, educators need to be encouraged to present active learning techniques so that students can begin to facilitate their own learning which can be done through introducing approaches specific to the individual such as student-centred approaches. This paper evaluates the techniques used by mathematicians to deliver lessons and how it reflects on learning and engagement of students in comparison to the flipped classroom approach which inverts the common traditional lecture style used in classrooms. The flipped classroom model in this study is adopted to a topic from the university foundation level module, Analytical Mathematics, whereby results from the quantitative analysis undertaken show a decrease in the success of students’ performance suggesting a lesser impact on improved learning. With regards to engagement, observations from the qualitative analysis of the study highlight positive aspects of the flipped classroom model, specifically an optimistic engagement amongst peers.

scholarly journals Training hydrologists to be ecohydrologists: a "how-you-can-do-it" example leveraging an active learning environment for studying plant-water interaction

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 9337-9360
Author(s):  
S. W. Lyon ◽  
M. T. Walter ◽  
E. J. Jantze ◽  
J. A. Archibald
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Master's Students ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
Learn By Doing

Abstract. Structuring an education strategy capable of addressing the various spheres of ecohydrology is difficult due to the inter-disciplinary and cross-disciplinary nature of this emergent field. Clearly, there is a need for such strategies to accommodate more progressive educational concepts while highlighting a skills-based education. To demonstrate a possible way to develop courses that include such concepts, we offer a case-study or a "how-you-can-do-it" example from an ecohydrology course recently co-taught by teachers from Stockholm University and Cornell University at the Navarino Environmental Observatory (NEO) in Costa Navarino, Greece. This course focused on introducing hydrology Master's students to some of the central concepts of ecohydrology while at the same time supplying process-based understanding relevant for characterizing evapotranspiration. As such, the main goal of the course was to explore central theories in ecohydrology and their connection to plant-water interactions and the water cycle in a semiarid environment. In addition to presenting this roadmap for ecohydrology course development, we explore the utility and effectiveness of adopting active teaching and learning strategies drawing from the suite of learn-by-doing, hands-on, and inquiry-based techniques in such a course. We test a gradient of "activeness" across a sequence of three teaching and learning activities. Our results indicate that there was a clear advantage for utilizing active learning techniques in place of traditional lecture-based styles. In addition, there was a preference among the student towards the more "active" techniques. This demonstrates the added value of incorporating even the simplest active learning approaches in our ecohydrology (or general) teaching.

Motivational Active Learning in Blended and Virtual Learning Scenarios

2018 ◽  
pp. 935-957
Author(s):  
Johanna Pirker ◽  
Maria Riffnaller-Schiefer ◽  
Lisa Maria Tomes ◽  
Christian Gütl
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Virtual Learning ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Engagement Strategies ◽  
Active And Collaborative Learning ◽  
Learning Success ◽  
Learning Scenarios

The way people learn has changed over the last years. New pedagogical theories show that engaging and active learning approaches are particularly successful in improving conceptual understanding and enhancing the students' learning success and motivation. The Motivational Active Learning approach combines engagement strategies based on active and collaborative learning models with gamification. While many active learning models rely on in-class setups and active and personal interactions between students and between instructors, MAL was designed to integrate active learning in different settings. Our research project focuses on enhanced learning strategies with MAL in different computer-supported scenarios. This chapter outlines the potential of the pedagogical model MAL (Motivational Active Learning) in the context of blended and virtual learning scenarios; it also summarizes relevant literature and discusses implications and future work.

scholarly journals The impact of flipped classroom andragogy on student assessment performance and perception of learning experience in two advanced physiology subjects

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-92
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Rathner ◽  
Mark A. Schier
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Classroom Teaching ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Pass Rates ◽  
Learning Content ◽  
The Impact

Flipped classroom teaching has been used by many educators to promote active learning in higher education. This andragogy is thought to increase student engagement by making them more accountable for their learning and increase time on task in the classroom. While there are several systematic reviews that point to improved student results, it remains unclear if flipped classrooms have positive learning effects in physiology education. Flipped classroom teaching was introduced in two advanced physiology subjects (advanced neuroscience, semester 1, and cardiorespiratory and renal physiology, semester 2). Changing the mode of content delivery reduced the time students needed to spend listening to lectures by one-third, without sacrificing either learning content or academic standards. Higher pass rates were observed with larger number of students earning distinction and high-distinction grades. Statistically significant improvements in final grades were observed from both subjects ( semester 1: 2017, 49.28 ± 20.16; 2018, 53.29 ± 19.77, t268 = 2.058, P = 0.0405; semester 2: 2017, 58.87 ± 21.19; 2018, 67.91 ± 20.40, t111 = 2.306, P = 0.023). Finally, students’ perception of their learning experience remained at or above the university benchmarks (median score of >80% for all iterations of the subjects). While the most frequent and persistent area that students suggested could be improved was reduction of content, equal numbers of students commented that no improvement in the subjects was required. Despite the generally positive attitude to recorded didactic teaching content, classroom attendance remained very low, and students did not engage with the active learning content. This suggest that more emphasis needs to be placed on promoting class attendance by developing better active learning content.

Comparing the Efficacy of Flipped vs. Alternative Active Learning in a College Genetics Course

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 471-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Mennella
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Student Satisfaction ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Flipped Learning ◽  
Pedagogical Approach ◽  
Content Mastery ◽  
Class Time ◽  
Initial Instruction

Active learning is known to be a key component of student engagement and content mastery. Flipped learning is a pedagogical approach that moves passive, initial instruction out of the classroom (usually as recorded videos) and reserves class time for active-learning exercises that fortify learning. Reports have demonstrated the success of flipped learning, but it is unclear whether that success is due to students watching videos at home (i.e., the “flipped” structure of the flipped classroom) or to the active learning that takes place in class. I sought to answer that question by comparing two sections of sophomore-level college genetics. One section was flipped and the other taught traditionally, but with extensive active learning included as homework. Student satisfaction, performance on quizzes and exams, and overall achievement of course learning goals were compared. Interestingly, after taking into account the diversity of academic strength in both sections, there was no difference between the sections for any of the measured parameters. Although flipped learning may offer no additional benefit over other forms of active learning, it is far easier and more efficient to embed and integrate active learning into a flipped classroom.

scholarly journals Kemandirian Belajar Mahasiswa dalam Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh Selama Masa Pandemi

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Alberta Parinters Makur ◽  
Emilianus Jehadus ◽  
Sebastianus Fedi ◽  
Silfanus Jelatu ◽  
Viviana Murni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Distance Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Independent Learning ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Study Program ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

AbstrakPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat kemandirian belajar mahasiswa pada mata kuliah Matematika Dasar dalam mengikuti pembelajaran jarak jauh khususnya pembelajaran dalam jaringan selama masa Pandemi Covid-19. Merupakan penelitian kuantitatif-deskriptif dengan 85 orang mahasiswa tahun pertama Prodi Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Universitas Katolik Indonesia Santu Paulus Ruteng dengan fokus untuk mempelajari kemandirian belajar mahasiswa yang mengikuti pembelajaran dalam jaringan karena situasi Pandemi Covid-19. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 18.82% mahasiswa yang memiliki kemandirian belajar rendah, sedangkan 81.18% mahasiswa memiliki kemandirian belajar yang tinggi. Selanjutnya, dalam wawancara semi terstruktur ditemukan bahwa mahasiswa pada awalnya mengalami kesulitan dalam beradaptasi perubahan kebiasaan belajar, keterbatasan sumber daya belajar dalam jaringan, dan kurangnya interaksi baik sesama mahasiswa maupun dengan dosen. Keterbatasan ini mendorong mahasiswa semakin mandiri dalam belajar yang terlihat dari lebih dari 70% mahasiswa sudah menetapkan tujuan belajar, strategi belajar, mampu mengatur waktu belajar, dan melakukan evaluasi diri terhadap proses pembelajaran yang telah diikuti. Lebih dari 80% mahasiswa menentukan lingkungan belajar yang mendukung suasana belajar dan mencari bantuan dari rekan sekelas apabila mengalami kesulitan dalam belajar.  Kata Kunci: kemandirian belajar, pandemic Covid-19, pembelajaran jarak jauh. AbstractThis research was conducted to see the independence of student learning in the Basic Mathematics course in participating in distance learning, especially online learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic. This is a quantitative-descriptive study with 85 first-year students of the Agricultural Socio-Economic Study Program of the Indonesian Catholic University, Santu Paulus Ruteng, with a focus on studying the learning independence of students who take online learning due to the Covid-19 Pandemic situation. The results showed 18.82% of students had low learning independence, while 81.18% of students had high learning independence. Furthermore, in semi-structured interviews, it was found that students initially experienced difficulties in adapting to changes in learning habits, limited learning resources in the network, and a lack of interaction between students and lecturers. This limitation encourages students to be more independent in learning, which can be seen from more than 70% of students who have set learning goals, learning strategies, being able to manage study time, and conduct self-evaluation of the learning process that has been followed. More than 80% of students determine a learning environment that supports a learning atmosphere and seek help from classmates.Keywords: independent learning, Covid-19 pandemic, distance learning.

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